马来西亚现代化进程中的政治稳定：政党制度的视角
发布时间：2018-09-02 09:35
【摘要】： 对单位层面的关注是国际政治学与比较政治学的相通之处——单位既是构成国际体系的基础,也是进行比较的基础。目前大多数国家仍处在现代化过程中,模式的多样化与同质化之争由来已久,但共识的增加也是不争的事实。上世纪六十年代政治发展研究兴起,至冷战后期第三世界国家的政治发展又出现了一些重大变化——例如新兴经济体的崛起、威权政体的民主转型以及全球化的日益突显,国际体系的内在属性也在发生改变,以至于有人质疑传统意义上的第三世界是否还存在。目前,第三波民主化仍在改写着发展中国家的政治图谱,其中东南亚地区具有典型意义——这里的多样性最为明显,也是最有说服力的民主化试验场。在内外压力下,后发国家如何在推进政治民主的同时保持政治稳定,在理论与实践中都尚未完全解决。本文试图把政党制度作为变量,对转型社会中的民主化与政治稳定之间的复杂关系进行剖析。现代化是发展中国家面临的历史任务——即通过现代性的不断积累推动传统社会向现代社会转变,这就使政治稳定这一传统课题被赋予了时代内涵。纵向及横向研究表明,政党制度与政治稳定之间存在着内在联系,其关键在于政党制度是否具备足够的韧性,从而与动态发展的社会生态系统相适应。 作为东亚地区的中小国家,马来西亚的典型性首先在于其中等发展水平——作为新兴经济体之一,其社会转型特点突出,现代化使经济、政治与文化等层面的过渡性非常明显。马来西亚的典型性还体现在文化多样性上,历史及地理原因使这里成为世界主要文明交融碰撞的缩影。在马来西亚政治发展过程中,稳定诉求极其强烈——它既反映了对现代化与民族国家建构的双重要求,同时也在很大程度上归因于政治精英的主观建构。典型的多元族群结构使民族国家建构任重而道远,迅速推进的现代化又导致了政治结构与经济社会结构的不适应,以及权力与财富在不同社会集团间的分配失衡。因此有必要通过一定的制度设计来解决政治稳定问题,以确保现代化进程不致中断或逆转。作为政治系统的内生因素,政治文化是现代变迁的重要层面。在这一过程中,各族政治精英及大众之间复杂多面的观念互动,也使政治稳定在某种意义上成为建构的产物。在马来西亚政治话语中,政治稳定无疑是最常用的政治词汇。统治精英试图影响大众的合法性评价,并通过所控制的公共权力机构、主流媒体以及教育机构,持续进行政治整合。在某种意义上,马来西亚是政治稳定保持最好的发展中国家之一,堪称伊斯兰现代主义的典范。一果多因,现代化理论、政体稳定理论以及政治文化理论等,对于马来西亚的政治稳定都有很强的解释力。 鉴于族群、阶级等层面的严重社会分化,一党独大制所承载的准威权政体努力促成某种合作主义。早在非殖民化时期,政党制度雏形就在外来因素与本土因素合力作用下奠定,并对马来亚独立进程产生了重大影响,执政党的历史合法性由此发轫。现代化进程启动后,执政党一度在经济领域实行自由放任政策,在政治领域则容许较高竞争性的议会民主。但阶级和族群分化不断加剧,在活跃的政党政治刺激下,社会动员与政治参与很快超出了政治制度的容纳力,进而导致了上世纪六十年代末的严重骚乱。在现代化过程中,东亚威权政体具有工具性和过渡性等特点,这集中体现在维持政治稳定和促进经济增长两个维度上。但其效用性并非永不枯竭,威权体制下的经济绩效、意识形态培育、环境强调、承诺诱惑以及个人魅力等因素都不过是民主的临时替代。尽管上述族群冲突导致马来西亚政治发展出现重大转折,但并不能因此否定民主的普遍价值。民主政治受挫的根本原因是当时较低的经济社会发展水平,稚嫩的制度权威对于政治参与的吸纳力不足,致使竞争性民主与族群主义的矛盾无法调和。以族群为主轴的广泛的执政联盟为政治稳定提供了新的解决方案,具有更强集体行动能力的国民阵线在很大程度上成为巫统的制度工具,但另一方面它也有效地避免了社会集团间的零和或负和博弈。在巫统主导下,执政联盟协商分配权力,各成员党在某种意义上成为利益相关者,精英联盟的扩大与巩固成为政治稳定的结构性因素。 巫统坚持发展主义,经济绩效成为其最重要的合法性来源,并实现了从经济增长到政治稳定的功能转换。但受传统因素的影响,庇护现象普遍存在,统治精英们深深卷入经济领域。在执政党主导的现代化进程中,政党竞争受到很大抑制,政治稳定的压制性特征比较突出。其中,族群因素几乎是影响政治稳定的常量——主要执政党把族群性视为自身最基本的合法性,族群关系被置于政策议程的优先位置,这无疑使威权政体在控制族群冲突方面被赋予一定的正当性。但威权主义存在着自身难以克服的悖论——成功的经济发展是一把双刃剑,它在为巫统提供巨大绩效合法性的同时,也孕育着解构其威权统治基础的社会因素。这决定了发展中国家政治发展的非线性特点,但经济现代化必将为政治民主创造更有利的基础性条件。因此,威权主义的衰退是现代化变迁的必然结果,在这一过程中政治稳定日益需要与民主化相结合。 政党制度的合法性对于政治稳定意义重大。其中,制度化是获取合法性的重要路径,也是评价发展中国家政治发展的基本尺度。制度化的基础首先是宪政的发展,以及对政党政治的具体规制。与其它发展中国家相比,马来西亚政党制度的制度化水平较高,即使巫统的执政地位也需要诉诸于制度途径。另一方面,其政党制度中仍然存在着一些严重的缺陷,例如与传统性有关的庇护制盛行于体制内。这就有必要引入民主化变量,通过制度化与民主化的耦合,奠定政党制度的合法性基础。在各种政治权威中,执政党权威直接影响政府合法性。按照权威类型的演进路向,政党权威最终应指向形态最优、合法性最强的制度权威,它最能胜任现代化过程中的政治整合。其中,有效性是制度权威的核心要素,也是实现政治稳定的基础条件;如果缺乏有效的制度权威,发展中国家就很容易陷入“失败国家”境地。 民主化趋势不可阻挡,目前第三波对马来西亚政党制度的冲击日益显现,政治稳定功能有所下降。马来西亚是典型的韧性威权政体,尽管政治转型压力不断加大,但不太可能发生颠覆性变化。这是因为,马来西亚政治系统的开放性较大,对于社会环境的回应能力仍然较强:其制度条件较有利于渐进民主化,而不利于激进主义的滋生。当前“两线制”雏形进一步显现,执政党的准霸权地位出现动摇,主动改革意愿上升。尤其是族群政治模式日益受到质疑,作为经济现代化的产物,新兴的市民社会正在成为政治发展的有生力量。东亚中产阶级普遍具有保守性和革命性双重特征:作为现代化的受益者,他们不愿看到社会政治秩序沦丧;而另一方面,其改革要求也日趋强烈。作为马来西亚“新政治”的主要推动者,反对党、非政府组织以及独立的新媒体彼此呼应,使反对阵营得到拓展。民主化对于政治稳定具有复杂影响,对于缺乏民主传统的新兴国家而言,渐进的政治转型有利于在较低的社会成本条件下实现政治稳定。在这一过程中,政党制度除了逐渐扩大对政治参与的吸纳外,还应推动国家与社会正向互动关系的形成,从而在新的合法性基础上重构政治稳定。 总之,本文立足于现代化进程中的东亚国家,试图对政治稳定作出某种时代诠释,并尽可能地把一些新的影响变量考虑进来。尽管发展中国家与少数后现代国家共处于一个日益相互依赖的国际社会中,但彼此的根本关切却相去甚远。在那些民族国家尚不巩固的政治单位中,国家与社会关系正面临着调整,而全球化以及网络政治等渗透性因素又日益凸显。在众多的危机挑战面前,一套有效的政党制度仍将是后发展国家实现政治整合的基本依托。但它同样需要吸收新兴社会力量,逐渐实现治理模式的转变——即建立政党制度主导、多元主体参与的平等互动的多维治理结构,这种弹性网状结构将更适应政治稳定的时代需要。总之,威权政体的结构性危机具有必然性,未来这些国家的政党制度变迁能否反映社会结构变化,必将对其政治发展与政治稳定产生深远影响。
[Abstract]:Concern at the unit level is the link between international politics and comparative politics --- the unit is the basis of both the international system and the comparative study. The rise of political development studies in the decade and the emergence of some major changes in the political development of the third world countries in the late Cold War, such as the rise of emerging economies, the democratic transformation of authoritarian regimes and the growing prominence of globalization, have led to changes in the intrinsic attributes of the international system, leading some to question the traditional third world. Whether the world still exists. At present, the third wave of democratization is still rewriting the political Atlas of developing countries, of which Southeast Asia is a typical region where diversity is the most obvious and the most convincing democratization testing ground. This paper attempts to analyze the complex relationship between democratization and political stability in a transitional society by taking the political party system as a variable. Modernization is the historical task facing developing countries, that is, to promote the transformation of traditional society into modern society through the accumulation of modernity, which makes it possible for them to realize modernization. The traditional subject of political stability is endowed with the connotation of the times. Vertical and horizontal studies show that there is an inherent relationship between the political party system and political stability. The key lies in whether the political party system has enough tenacity to adapt to the dynamic development of the social ecosystem.
As a small and medium-sized country in East Asia, Malaysia's typicality lies first in its moderate level of development --- as one of the emerging economies, its social transformation features are outstanding. Modernization makes economic, political and cultural transition very obvious. Malaysia's typicality is also reflected in cultural diversity, historical and geographical reasons. In the course of Malaysian political development, the demand for stability is extremely strong - it reflects the dual demands of modernization and nation-state construction, but also largely attributed to the subjective construction of political elites. There is a long way to go, and the rapid modernization has led to the maladjustment between the political structure and the economic and social structure, as well as the imbalance between the distribution of power and wealth among different social groups. Political culture is an important aspect of modern change. In this process, the complex and multi-faceted conceptual interaction between the political elites and the masses makes political stability a product of construction in a sense. In Malaysian political discourse, political stability is undoubtedly the most commonly used political vocabulary. The ruling elite tries to influence the masses. In a sense, Malaysia is one of the developing countries with the best political stability and can be regarded as a model of Islamic modernism. The theory of modernization has strong explanatory power for Malaysia's political stability.
In view of the serious social divisions at the ethnic and class levels, the quasi-authoritarian regime carried by the one-party dictatorship tried to promote some kind of cooperativeism. As early as the decolonization period, the embryonic form of the political party system was established under the combined effect of external and local factors, which had a significant impact on the process of Malayan independence and the historical legitimacy of the ruling party. After the start of the modernization process, the ruling party once adopted a laissez-faire policy in the economic field and allowed a more competitive parliamentary democracy in the political field. In the process of modernization, East Asian authoritarian regimes have the characteristics of instrumentality and transition, which are embodied in the two dimensions of maintaining political stability and promoting economic growth. Confusion and personal charm are temporary substitutes for democracy. Although these ethnic conflicts have led to a major turning point in Malaysia's political development, they cannot negate the universal value of democracy. The inadequate absorptivity makes it impossible to reconcile the contradiction between competitive democracy and ethnicism. The broad coalition of ruling ethnic groups provides a new solution to political stability. The National Front, which has stronger collective action capacity, to a large extent, has become the institutional tool of UMNO, but on the other hand it has effectively avoided the social problems. Under the leadership of UMNO, the ruling coalition negotiates and distributes power, and the member parties become stakeholders in a sense, and the expansion and consolidation of the elite coalition become a structural factor of political stability.
Wutong adheres to the development doctrine, economic performance becomes its most important source of legitimacy, and realizes the functional transformation from economic growth to political stability. The repressive characteristics of governance stability are more prominent. Among them, ethnic factors are almost constant factors affecting political stability. The main ruling parties regard ethnic characteristics as their most basic legitimacy, and ethnic relations are given priority on the policy agenda. This undoubtedly gives authoritarian regimes some legitimacy in controlling ethnic conflicts. Successful economic development is a double-edged sword. While it provides great performance legitimacy for UMNO, it also breeds social factors that deconstruct the basis of its authoritarian rule. Therefore, the decline of authoritarianism is the inevitable result of the changes of modernization, in which political stability increasingly needs to be combined with democratization.
The legitimacy of the political party system is of great significance to political stability. Among them, institutionalization is an important way to obtain legitimacy and a basic yardstick to evaluate the political development of developing countries. On the other hand, there are still some serious defects in its political party system, for example, the traditional asylum system prevails in the system. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce democratization variables to establish the political party system through the coupling of institutionalization and democratization. Among all kinds of political authority, the authority of the ruling party has a direct impact on the legitimacy of the government. According to the evolution direction of the authority type, the authority of the political party should ultimately point to the system authority with the best form and the strongest legitimacy, which is most competent for the political integration in the process of modernization. Basic conditions for political stability; without effective institutional authority, developing countries can easily fall into the "failed state" situation.
Malaysia is a typical resilient authoritarian regime. Despite the increasing pressure of political transformation, subversive changes are unlikely to occur. This is because Malaysia's political system is more open to the outside world. Its institutional conditions are more conducive to gradual democratization and less conducive to the breeding of radicalism. The embryonic form of the "two-line system" has further emerged. The ruling party's quasi-hegemonic position has been shaken and its willingness to reform has risen. As a result, the burgeoning civil society is becoming a vital force in political development. The East Asian middle class is generally conservative and revolutionary: as beneficiaries of modernization, they are reluctant to see social and political order deteriorate; on the other hand, their demands for reform are becoming increasingly strong. As the main impetus of Malaysia's "new politics" Democratization has a complex impact on political stability. For emerging countries without democratic traditions, gradual political transformation is conducive to political stability at lower social costs. In addition to gradually expanding the absorption of political participation, we should also promote the formation of positive interaction between the state and society, so as to reconstruct political stability on the basis of new legitimacy.
In a word, based on the East Asian countries in the process of modernization, this paper tries to interpret the political stability of the times and take into account some new influential variables as far as possible. Among the political units that are not yet consolidated in the nation-states, the relationship between the state and society is facing adjustment, while the permeability factors such as globalization and network politics are becoming increasingly prominent. The social forces will gradually realize the transformation of the governance model, i.e. the establishment of a multi-dimensional governance structure dominated by the political party system and participated by multi-stakeholders. This flexible network structure will be more suitable for the needs of political stability. In short, the structural crisis of authoritarian regimes is inevitable, and whether the changes of the political party system in these countries will be possible in the future. Reflecting the change of social structure will have a far-reaching impact on its political development and political stability.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K33
本文编号：2218959
[Abstract]:Concern at the unit level is the link between international politics and comparative politics --- the unit is the basis of both the international system and the comparative study. The rise of political development studies in the decade and the emergence of some major changes in the political development of the third world countries in the late Cold War, such as the rise of emerging economies, the democratic transformation of authoritarian regimes and the growing prominence of globalization, have led to changes in the intrinsic attributes of the international system, leading some to question the traditional third world. Whether the world still exists. At present, the third wave of democratization is still rewriting the political Atlas of developing countries, of which Southeast Asia is a typical region where diversity is the most obvious and the most convincing democratization testing ground. This paper attempts to analyze the complex relationship between democratization and political stability in a transitional society by taking the political party system as a variable. Modernization is the historical task facing developing countries, that is, to promote the transformation of traditional society into modern society through the accumulation of modernity, which makes it possible for them to realize modernization. The traditional subject of political stability is endowed with the connotation of the times. Vertical and horizontal studies show that there is an inherent relationship between the political party system and political stability. The key lies in whether the political party system has enough tenacity to adapt to the dynamic development of the social ecosystem.
As a small and medium-sized country in East Asia, Malaysia's typicality lies first in its moderate level of development --- as one of the emerging economies, its social transformation features are outstanding. Modernization makes economic, political and cultural transition very obvious. Malaysia's typicality is also reflected in cultural diversity, historical and geographical reasons. In the course of Malaysian political development, the demand for stability is extremely strong - it reflects the dual demands of modernization and nation-state construction, but also largely attributed to the subjective construction of political elites. There is a long way to go, and the rapid modernization has led to the maladjustment between the political structure and the economic and social structure, as well as the imbalance between the distribution of power and wealth among different social groups. Political culture is an important aspect of modern change. In this process, the complex and multi-faceted conceptual interaction between the political elites and the masses makes political stability a product of construction in a sense. In Malaysian political discourse, political stability is undoubtedly the most commonly used political vocabulary. The ruling elite tries to influence the masses. In a sense, Malaysia is one of the developing countries with the best political stability and can be regarded as a model of Islamic modernism. The theory of modernization has strong explanatory power for Malaysia's political stability.
In view of the serious social divisions at the ethnic and class levels, the quasi-authoritarian regime carried by the one-party dictatorship tried to promote some kind of cooperativeism. As early as the decolonization period, the embryonic form of the political party system was established under the combined effect of external and local factors, which had a significant impact on the process of Malayan independence and the historical legitimacy of the ruling party. After the start of the modernization process, the ruling party once adopted a laissez-faire policy in the economic field and allowed a more competitive parliamentary democracy in the political field. In the process of modernization, East Asian authoritarian regimes have the characteristics of instrumentality and transition, which are embodied in the two dimensions of maintaining political stability and promoting economic growth. Confusion and personal charm are temporary substitutes for democracy. Although these ethnic conflicts have led to a major turning point in Malaysia's political development, they cannot negate the universal value of democracy. The inadequate absorptivity makes it impossible to reconcile the contradiction between competitive democracy and ethnicism. The broad coalition of ruling ethnic groups provides a new solution to political stability. The National Front, which has stronger collective action capacity, to a large extent, has become the institutional tool of UMNO, but on the other hand it has effectively avoided the social problems. Under the leadership of UMNO, the ruling coalition negotiates and distributes power, and the member parties become stakeholders in a sense, and the expansion and consolidation of the elite coalition become a structural factor of political stability.
Wutong adheres to the development doctrine, economic performance becomes its most important source of legitimacy, and realizes the functional transformation from economic growth to political stability. The repressive characteristics of governance stability are more prominent. Among them, ethnic factors are almost constant factors affecting political stability. The main ruling parties regard ethnic characteristics as their most basic legitimacy, and ethnic relations are given priority on the policy agenda. This undoubtedly gives authoritarian regimes some legitimacy in controlling ethnic conflicts. Successful economic development is a double-edged sword. While it provides great performance legitimacy for UMNO, it also breeds social factors that deconstruct the basis of its authoritarian rule. Therefore, the decline of authoritarianism is the inevitable result of the changes of modernization, in which political stability increasingly needs to be combined with democratization.
The legitimacy of the political party system is of great significance to political stability. Among them, institutionalization is an important way to obtain legitimacy and a basic yardstick to evaluate the political development of developing countries. On the other hand, there are still some serious defects in its political party system, for example, the traditional asylum system prevails in the system. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce democratization variables to establish the political party system through the coupling of institutionalization and democratization. Among all kinds of political authority, the authority of the ruling party has a direct impact on the legitimacy of the government. According to the evolution direction of the authority type, the authority of the political party should ultimately point to the system authority with the best form and the strongest legitimacy, which is most competent for the political integration in the process of modernization. Basic conditions for political stability; without effective institutional authority, developing countries can easily fall into the "failed state" situation.
Malaysia is a typical resilient authoritarian regime. Despite the increasing pressure of political transformation, subversive changes are unlikely to occur. This is because Malaysia's political system is more open to the outside world. Its institutional conditions are more conducive to gradual democratization and less conducive to the breeding of radicalism. The embryonic form of the "two-line system" has further emerged. The ruling party's quasi-hegemonic position has been shaken and its willingness to reform has risen. As a result, the burgeoning civil society is becoming a vital force in political development. The East Asian middle class is generally conservative and revolutionary: as beneficiaries of modernization, they are reluctant to see social and political order deteriorate; on the other hand, their demands for reform are becoming increasingly strong. As the main impetus of Malaysia's "new politics" Democratization has a complex impact on political stability. For emerging countries without democratic traditions, gradual political transformation is conducive to political stability at lower social costs. In addition to gradually expanding the absorption of political participation, we should also promote the formation of positive interaction between the state and society, so as to reconstruct political stability on the basis of new legitimacy.
In a word, based on the East Asian countries in the process of modernization, this paper tries to interpret the political stability of the times and take into account some new influential variables as far as possible. Among the political units that are not yet consolidated in the nation-states, the relationship between the state and society is facing adjustment, while the permeability factors such as globalization and network politics are becoming increasingly prominent. The social forces will gradually realize the transformation of the governance model, i.e. the establishment of a multi-dimensional governance structure dominated by the political party system and participated by multi-stakeholders. This flexible network structure will be more suitable for the needs of political stability. In short, the structural crisis of authoritarian regimes is inevitable, and whether the changes of the political party system in these countries will be possible in the future. Reflecting the change of social structure will have a far-reaching impact on its political development and political stability.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K33
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 宋效峰;;马来西亚的“第三条道路”:民主行动党的理念与实践[J];东南亚南亚研究;2012年03期
，本文编号：2218959
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