美国“大规模报复战略”兴衰成因研究

发布时间：2018-09-09 19:22

【摘要】： 大规模报复战略”是美国政府外交与军事“新面貌”政策的核心,是20世纪50年代美国外交与军事政策的一项重要内容。它是美国军事战略从以常规威慑转向以核威慑为主的标志。该战略出台之后,倍受学者关注。无论在东西方之间,美国与其盟国之间,还是在美国国内,它都引起了极大的非议。学术界对此展开了激烈的辩论,学者们大多从国际政治学、军事学、社会学的角度对其进行剖析,但缺乏历史学的宏观思考;大多对该战略出台和演变的进程、特点、影响加以关注,而对其兴衰的原因着墨较少,缺乏系统研究。 “大规模报复战略”兴衰是冷战过程中的一个重要的历史现象,对该战略兴衰原因的探讨具有重要的历史意义;同时,剖析“大规模报复战略”为“灵活反应战略”所取代的原因,既可探寻美国军事战略演变的轨迹,总结美国军事战略演变的规律,又可研究影响美国军事战略转变的诸因素,为破解美国军事战略提供一定的经验与教训。因此,该研究又具有重要的理论价值与现实意义。 “大规模报复战略”出台的原因主要有四个方面。首先,它是时代的产物,即冷战的产物。其次,它是由战后美国两党斗争、麦卡锡主义等诸多政治因素的压力促成。再次,它也是战后美国经济发展中经济波动压力的结果。最后,美国核武器及运载系统等方面军事技术的领先,是其出台的技术基础。其衰落原因同样有四:第一,战略本身的缺陷以及由此带来的各种批评与内部分歧使其渐入困境。第二,苏联陆海空“三位一体”的战略核力量的形成使其失去了存在的物质技术基础。第三,以罗素和爱因斯坦倡导的反核反战运动在一定程度上推动了美国军事战略的转变。第四,美国的盟友对该战略效能的怀疑与在历次危机中对美国用强的反对,使美国不得不改弦易辙。
[Abstract]:The strategy of large-scale retaliation is the core of the American government's foreign and military "new appearance" policy, and is an important part of the American foreign and military policy in the 1950s. It is the symbol of US military strategy from conventional deterrence to nuclear deterrence. After the introduction of this strategy, scholars pay close attention to it. Between East and West, between the United States and its allies, and within the United States, it has aroused great criticism. There is a heated debate in academic circles, most of which are analyzed from the angle of international political science, military science and sociology, but lack of historical macroscopic thinking. Influence should be paid attention to, but the reason of its rise and fall is less, lack of systematic research. The rise and fall of the strategy of mass retaliation is an important historical phenomenon in the course of the cold war, and it is of great historical significance to explore the reasons for the rise and fall of the strategy. Analyzing the reasons why "large-scale retaliation strategy" has been replaced by "flexible response strategy" can not only explore the evolution track of American military strategy, summarize the law of US military strategic evolution, but also study the factors that influence the change of US military strategy. To provide certain experience and lessons for unraveling the US military strategy. Therefore, the research has important theoretical value and practical significance. There are four main reasons for the introduction of the strategy of mass retaliation. First of all, it is the product of the times, that is, the product of the cold war. Second, it was driven by pressure from political factors such as the two-party struggle and McCarthyism in the United States after the war. Thirdly, it is also the result of the economic fluctuation pressure in the postwar American economic development. Finally, the United States nuclear weapons and delivery systems and other aspects of the military technology leadership, it was introduced the technical basis. There are also four reasons for its decline: first, the shortcomings of the strategy itself and the resulting criticism and internal differences make it into a difficult situation. Second, the formation of the strategic nuclear force of the Soviet Union, land, sea and air made it lose the material and technical basis of its existence. Thirdly, the anti-nuclear anti-war movement advocated by Russell and Einstein promoted the change of American military strategy to some extent. Fourth, America's allies' scepticism about the effectiveness of the strategy and its strong opposition to the United States in previous crises have forced the United States to change course.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.54

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