萨摩亚争端与大国外交1871-1900年

发布时间：2018-09-11 10:10

【摘要】：萨摩亚争端是近代晚期太平洋国际关系中的焦点事件,在19世纪末英、德、美外交中占据重要地位。本文主要从大国外交政策和外交关系的角度论述1871 -1900年的萨摩亚问题。 19世纪70年代开始,资本主义由自由向垄断过渡,造成美、德、英对海外市场的强烈追求,三国在南太平洋上的萨摩亚群岛展开殖民争夺,形成了长达 30年的萨摩亚国际争端。该争端历经三个主要阶段:① 1871-1879年为萨摩亚争端的形成期,三国各自明确在群岛的殖民利益,并相继以条约形式固定化。② 1880-1889年为争端的发展期,列强逐渐由殖民合作转向争夺和对抗。三国间在萨摩亚问题上发生激烈的外交冲突,一度导致战争危机。柏林会议和《柏林总协定》使该危机暂时消弥。③ 1890-1900年为争端的高潮和解决期。根据《柏林总协定》建立起来的“共管”体制存在诸多致命缺陷,导致萨摩亚在1898年再次陷入政治混乱。而此时期列强外交政策都已经或正在发生结构性转变,殖民利益的尖锐冲突导致三国在群岛再次陷入外交危机。1899年12月,萨摩亚被德、美瓜分,争端结束。萨摩亚问题就像一面镜子,映照出帝国主义形成时期三个主要列强在外交政策和外交关系上的演变和国际政治形势的总体发展态势。萨摩亚问题中存在双重外交,除三大国间的平等外交之外,萨摩亚王国与列强间也同时存在不平等的殖民外交关系。所以萨摩亚争端的发展过程,也同时见证了萨摩亚国家逐步沦为半殖民地和殖民地的过程。对殖民文化和反殖民主义的重视,也是本论文贯穿始终的一个特点。殖民文化不仅是列强对萨摩亚所抱有的心理和文化优越感,同时也已经渐渐渗透入萨摩亚人的精神和生活,这也是造成萨摩亚被顺利殖民地化的重要原因。文章由七部分组成:绪论部分除介绍本题目的学术史和论文的学术构想外, 还重点谈及作者对殖民扩张问题的一点理论思考。第一章是对1879年之前萨摩亚国际争端形成过程的概括。第二章论述1880-1884年列强在萨摩亚的外交协调和本地自治的最后时光。第三章详述1884-1889年列强为吞并群岛而爆发的外交争端和第一次萨摩亚危机。第四章涉及“共管”体制的运作与评价,以及大国政策在90年代的大调整。第二次萨摩亚危机和争端的最终解决,是第五章叙述的中心。结语是对萨摩亚争端中大国政策、大国关系和论文观点的总结概括。
[Abstract]:The Samoan dispute was the focus of international relations in the Pacific in the late modern times, and played an important role in the diplomacy of Britain, Germany and the United States in the late 19th century. This paper mainly discusses the question of Samoa from 1871 to 1900 from the perspective of the foreign policy and foreign relations of the great powers. The transition of capitalism from freedom to monopoly resulted in a strong pursuit of overseas markets by the United States, Germany and Britain, and the three countries engaged in a colonial struggle in the Samoa Islands in the South Pacific. It formed a 30-year international dispute in Samoa. The dispute went through three main stages: 1: 1871-1879, which was the time of the formation of the Samoa dispute, in which the three countries identified their respective colonial interests in the Islands. In succession, the treaty fixed the period of 1880-1889 as the development period of the dispute, and the powers gradually changed from colonial cooperation to contention and confrontation. The fierce diplomatic conflict between the three countries over Samoa once led to a crisis of war. The Berlin Conference and the General Agreement made the crisis a period of 1890-1900 for the climax and settlement of disputes. The "co-management" system established under the General Agreement on Palin had many fatal defects. Leading Samoa to political chaos again in 1898. During this period, the foreign policy of the great powers had or was undergoing structural changes, and the sharp conflict of colonial interests led to another diplomatic crisis among the three countries in the archipelago. In December 1899, Samoa was divided between Germany and the United States, and the dispute ended. The Samoa issue is like a mirror reflecting the evolution of the foreign policy and foreign relations of the three main powers in the period of the formation of imperialism and the overall development of the international political situation. There is dual diplomacy in Samoa. Besides the equal diplomacy among the three great powers, there are also unequal colonial diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Samoa and the great powers. Therefore, the development of the Samoa dispute also demonstrates the process of Samoa becoming a semi-colony and colony. The emphasis on colonial culture and anti-colonialism is also a characteristic of this paper. Colonial culture is not only the psychological and cultural superiority of the great powers towards Samoa, but also gradually permeates the spirit and life of the Samoan people, This is also an important reason for the successful colonization of Samoa. This paper consists of seven parts: the introduction part not only introduces the academic history of this topic and the academic conception of the paper, but also focuses on the author's theoretical thinking on the issue of colonial expansion. The first chapter is a summary of the formation process of the Samoya international dispute before 1879. The second chapter discusses the last time of the diplomacy of the great powers in Samoa in 1880-1884. Chapter three deals with the diplomatic dispute and the first Samoa crisis between 1884 and 1889 for the annexation of the archipelago. The fourth chapter deals with the operation and evaluation of the "joint management" system, as well as the major powers' policy adjustment in the 1990 s. The final settlement of the second Samoa crisis and dispute is the center of chapter 5. The conclusion is a summary of the great power policy, relations and viewpoints in the Samoa dispute.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K14

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