印度民主化进程中的潘查亚特制度

发布时间：2018-09-15 06:54

【摘要】：潘查亚特制度是现代印度地方自治制度,它是由古代印度“五人长老会”发展演变而来的。独立后随着印度政治经济的发展和社会发展的需要,印度政府逐步重建并改革潘查亚特制度。独立以来潘查亚特制度的发展主要经历了三个阶段:第一阶段从20世纪50年代中期到70年代。1957年贝尔汪达·梅塔委员会提交了《乡村发展计划和乡村服务调查报告》,实行三级潘查亚特,并在地方实行选举制度。潘查亚特在1959到1964年经历了蓬勃发展时期。但是随着尼赫鲁总理的去世,潘查亚特制度失去强有力的支持,其发展随之陷入停滞和衰落。第二阶段自70年代末到80年代末,阿索卡·梅塔委员会提交了《潘查亚特制度调查报告》,建议实行两级潘查亚特制度。竭力寻求使潘查亚特成为印度民主进程中一个有机的、不可或缺的部分。使政党参与到潘查亚特选举中,促进了地方政党力量的发展,但是也有消极作用,政党竞争中为党派利益牺牲群众利益甚至阻碍潘查亚特选举。第三阶段自90年代至今,寻求宪法对潘查亚特的支持,最终印度议会通过了《第73次宪法修正案》和《第74次宪法修正案》,对潘查亚特的地位、职权、构成都做出明确规定。确定潘查亚特组织为基层民主自治组织,使其有能够有效利用资源来制定和实施乡村发展计划,促进农村地区经济发展和社会公正。自独立以来潘查亚特制度经过半个多世纪的发展,通过引入选举制度及政党竞争,提高了基层人民的政治参与积极性,使地方人民有机会参与决策和管理,扩大了基层民主,促进了印度社会整合。其恢复与重建是实现基层人民参与民主进程中的一个重大转折。但是潘查亚特制度也面临着诸多挑战和阻碍。宪法只是对潘查亚特进行原则性规定,只有少数邦政府在积极建设潘查亚特,地方分权问题重重,权力职能和人员下放没有充分实现,以及对潘查亚特工作人员培训不够,加之印度社会种姓和性别歧视等传统思想文化的影响,这些都使得独立以后潘查亚特的发展进程十分缓慢和艰难。
[Abstract]:Panchayat system is a modern Indian local autonomy system, which evolved from the development of the five-member Presbyterian Church in ancient India. After independence, with the development of Indian politics and economy and the need of social development, the Indian government gradually rebuilt and reformed the Panchayat system. The development of Panchayat system has gone through three stages since independence: the first stage was from the mid-1950s to the 1970s. In 1957, the Belwanda Meta Commission submitted the Rural Development Plan and Village Service Survey. The practice of three levels of Panchayat, And the local election system. Panchayat experienced a period of boom between 1959 and 1964. But with the death of Prime Minister Nehru, Panchayat lost strong support and its development stalled and declined. In the second stage, from the late 1970s to the end of the 1980s, the Asoka Meta Committee submitted the "Panchaat system investigation report", recommending the implementation of the two-level Panchaat system. Strive to make Panchayat an organic and integral part of India's democratic process. The participation of political parties in Panchayat election promotes the development of local political parties, but also has a negative effect. In the competition of political parties, they sacrifice the interests of the masses for the interests of the parties and even hinder the Panchayat elections. The third stage, from the 1990s to the present, sought the support of the Constitution for Panchayat. Finally, the Indian Parliament passed the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution and the 74th Amendment to the Constitution, which clearly stipulated the status, authority and constitution of Pancharat. The Panchayat organization should be established as a grass-roots democratic self-governing organization so that it can make effective use of resources to formulate and implement rural development plans and promote economic development and social justice in rural areas. After more than half a century of development since independence, the Panchayat system, through the introduction of an electoral system and party competition, has increased the political participation enthusiasm of the grassroots people, given the local people an opportunity to participate in decision-making and management, and expanded grass-roots democracy. Promote social integration in India. Its recovery and reconstruction is a major turning point in the realization of grassroots people's participation in the democratic process. But Panchayat system also faces many challenges and obstacles. The Constitution only provides in principle for Panchayat. Only a small number of state governments are actively building Panchayat. There are many problems with decentralization, the decentralization of power and personnel is not fully realized, and the training of Panchayat staff is insufficient. In addition, the influence of traditional ideology and culture, such as caste and sexism in Indian society, made the development of Panchayat very slow and difficult after independence.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K351.5

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