论埃及“保护国”地位形成的根源
发布时间：2018-10-17 15:00
【摘要】： 位于亚洲和非洲连接处的埃及,因其独特的地缘经济和政治环境,历来为兵家必争之地。埃及与奥斯曼帝国的属国与宗主国关系更增添了其变数的复杂性。整个19世纪,英国在近东的战略部署与埃及形势的变化密切相关,一系列的因素致使埃及“保护国”地位的最终形成。本文试图从埃及国内发展的现状和外部局势来分析埃及政治角色的演变。为此本文主要分为两个部分: 以埃及社会发展的不同阶段为基础,从内因寻找埃及殖民化的根源。埃及近代历史可分为三个阶段:穆罕默德·阿里的自治时代、后阿里时代和英国管制时期。在经历了约三十年短暂的自主时期后,埃及并没能将现代化改革的成果惠及下一代,而埃及也像其它沦为资本主义国家的原料产地和商品市场的大多数国家一样,陷入了政权弱化、经济混乱的局面。在后阿里时代,由于继任者们推行错误的改革政策,加速了埃及经济自主和主权的丧失。主要的利益所在国——英法策划共同监督埃及政府,使埃及沦为了“依赖型国家”,从而进一步地走向了殖民化的道路。 以英国近东战略的演变为线索,从外因探寻埃及“保护国”地位形成的必然性与偶然性。19世纪30年代,英国明确了其在近东的战略规划——维持奥斯曼帝国的领土完整和独立,到1882年9月,英国完成占领埃及这一历史性的拐点,近东战略开始调整,埃及作为“准保护国”出现,但埃及与奥斯曼帝国仍是属地与宗主国关系;彻底改变则在一战前夕,英国宣称埃及为英国的“保护国”。这个战略与埃及地位的渐变关系可从两个方面来论述:1、必然性:在国际舞台上英国扮演全球霸主的角色,是世界自由贸易体系的倡导者和推行者,自然对战略要地尤为关注。埃及成为英国近东外交棋局部署上不可抛弃的关键棋子,所以说埃及沦为殖民地有一定的必然性。2、偶然性:埃及所处矛盾错综复杂的近东地区,多股力量和利益交织于此。19世纪后期,欧洲力量平衡松动和德国外交政策的转向,对英国全球经济利益和近东战略构成了严重威胁。德国对待埃及民族主义运动的态度,奥斯曼帝国新政府投向德国,所以这些偶然的因素加快了埃及“保护国”地位的最终形成。
[Abstract]:Egypt, located at the junction of Asia and Africa, has always been a war-maker because of its unique geo-economic and political environment. The relationship between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire increased the complexity of its variables. Throughout the 19th century, Britain's strategic deployment in the near East was closely related to the changes in the situation in Egypt, and a series of factors led to the final formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status. This paper attempts to analyze the evolution of Egypt's political role from the current situation of Egypt's internal development and external situation. This paper is divided into two parts: based on the different stages of Egyptian social development, the root of Egyptian colonization is found from internal causes. The modern history of Egypt can be divided into three stages: the autonomy of Mohamed Ali, the post-Ali era and the British control period. After a brief period of independence for about three decades, Egypt has failed to bring the fruits of modernisation to the next generation, and Egypt, like most of the other countries that have grown into capitalist raw materials and commodity markets, In the weakening of the regime, the economic chaos. In the post-Ali era, the loss of Egypt's economic autonomy and sovereignty was accelerated by the wrong reform policies of its successors. The main interest country, Britain and France, planned to supervise the Egyptian government together, which reduced Egypt to a "dependent state", thus further on the path of colonization. Taking the evolution of the British near East strategy as a clue, this paper explores the inevitability and contingency of the formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status from external causes. In the 1930s, Britain made clear its strategic plan in the near East-to maintain the territorial integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire. By September 1882, the British had completed the historic inflection point of the occupation of Egypt, and the near East strategy had begun to adjust. Egypt emerged as a "quasi-protectorate," but Egypt and the Ottoman Empire were still dependent on relations with the sovereign state; the radical change took place on the eve of the first World War. Britain declared Egypt its "protectorate". The relationship between this strategy and the gradual change of Egypt's status can be discussed from two aspects: 1, inevitability: Britain plays the role of global hegemony on the international stage and is the advocate and promoter of the world free trade system. Egypt has become a key piece in the deployment of the British near East diplomatic chess board, so there is a certain inevitability for Egypt to become a colony. In the late 19th century, the loosening of the balance of power in Europe and the turn of German foreign policy posed a serious threat to Britain's global economic interests and the strategy of the near East. Germany's attitude towards the Egyptian nationalist movement, the new Ottoman government to Germany, so these accidental factors accelerated the formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K411
[Abstract]:Egypt, located at the junction of Asia and Africa, has always been a war-maker because of its unique geo-economic and political environment. The relationship between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire increased the complexity of its variables. Throughout the 19th century, Britain's strategic deployment in the near East was closely related to the changes in the situation in Egypt, and a series of factors led to the final formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status. This paper attempts to analyze the evolution of Egypt's political role from the current situation of Egypt's internal development and external situation. This paper is divided into two parts: based on the different stages of Egyptian social development, the root of Egyptian colonization is found from internal causes. The modern history of Egypt can be divided into three stages: the autonomy of Mohamed Ali, the post-Ali era and the British control period. After a brief period of independence for about three decades, Egypt has failed to bring the fruits of modernisation to the next generation, and Egypt, like most of the other countries that have grown into capitalist raw materials and commodity markets, In the weakening of the regime, the economic chaos. In the post-Ali era, the loss of Egypt's economic autonomy and sovereignty was accelerated by the wrong reform policies of its successors. The main interest country, Britain and France, planned to supervise the Egyptian government together, which reduced Egypt to a "dependent state", thus further on the path of colonization. Taking the evolution of the British near East strategy as a clue, this paper explores the inevitability and contingency of the formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status from external causes. In the 1930s, Britain made clear its strategic plan in the near East-to maintain the territorial integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire. By September 1882, the British had completed the historic inflection point of the occupation of Egypt, and the near East strategy had begun to adjust. Egypt emerged as a "quasi-protectorate," but Egypt and the Ottoman Empire were still dependent on relations with the sovereign state; the radical change took place on the eve of the first World War. Britain declared Egypt its "protectorate". The relationship between this strategy and the gradual change of Egypt's status can be discussed from two aspects: 1, inevitability: Britain plays the role of global hegemony on the international stage and is the advocate and promoter of the world free trade system. Egypt has become a key piece in the deployment of the British near East diplomatic chess board, so there is a certain inevitability for Egypt to become a colony. In the late 19th century, the loosening of the balance of power in Europe and the turn of German foreign policy posed a serious threat to Britain's global economic interests and the strategy of the near East. Germany's attitude towards the Egyptian nationalist movement, the new Ottoman government to Germany, so these accidental factors accelerated the formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K411
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