冷战时期美苏对外扩张特点的比较

发布时间：2018-10-20 15:53

【摘要】： 扩张已成为大国发展的逻辑,是一国由小到大再到强的重要手段。本文所分析的美苏两个国家,在近代史上,就是两部活生生的扩张史。它们能成为世界一流大国与对外扩张有很大的关系。在冷战时期,美苏的对外扩张与传统大国的扩张并无本质区别,都是为了国家利益,都喜欢用军事作为对外扩张的手段,其中也夹杂着最高领导人的个人因素。但是,就美苏两国对外扩张的特点而言,又有许多的不同。美国的对外扩张在冷战时期由经济扩张转向政治扩张,而苏联始终以“世界革命”为名推行政治扩张。同时,美苏两国的政治结构和对外决策机制有着较大的差异,在它们的对外扩张行动中,又呈现出不同的发展趋势。美国的政治结构和对外决策机制具有极强的自我调节能力和弹性,从而在战后的对外扩张呈现出波浪型波动:国力强盛时,积极对外扩张;国力衰微时,对对外扩张进行战略收缩。苏联本应该基于社会主义国家的事实,提倡世界和平,维护世界稳定,促进世界各国共同发展。但苏联却继承了沙俄的大国沙文主义,积极进行对外扩张活动。由于苏联的政治结构比较僵硬缺乏弹性,对外决策的单一性,忽略人民参与对外决策的重要性,致使其对外扩张活动呈现出抛物线型的波动,并最终变成苏联解体的催化剂。
[Abstract]:Expansion has become the logic of the development of large countries, is an important means from small to large to strong. The two countries analyzed in this paper are two living history of expansion in modern history. Their ability to become a world-class power has a lot to do with external expansion. During the Cold War, the expansion of the United States and Soviet Union was not fundamentally different from that of the traditional great powers. It was for the benefit of the country, and they all liked to use military as a means of external expansion, among which were the personal factors of the supreme leaders. However, in terms of the characteristics of the expansion of the two countries, there are many differences. American foreign expansion changed from economic expansion to political expansion during the Cold War, while the Soviet Union always promoted political expansion in the name of "World Revolution". At the same time, the political structure and foreign decision-making mechanism of the United States and the Soviet Union are quite different. The political structure and foreign decision-making mechanism of the United States have extremely strong self-regulating ability and flexibility, thus showing waves of fluctuations in the post-war external expansion: when the national strength is strong, the United States actively expands abroad, and when the national strength is declining, Strategic contraction of external expansion. The Soviet Union should have advocated world peace, maintained world stability and promoted the common development of all countries on the basis of the facts of socialist countries. However, the Soviet Union inherited Czarist chauvinism and actively expanded abroad. Because the political structure of Soviet Union is rigid and inflexible, the foreign decision-making is single, and the importance of people's participation in foreign decision-making is ignored, the external expansion of the Soviet Union presents a parabolic fluctuation and finally becomes the catalyst for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K153

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