1945年以来英国的压力集团

发布时间：2018-10-23 16:51

【摘要】： 二战以来英国压力集团迅速发展,它们对英国政治产生了空前影响,以至于英国政治学家温·格兰特把该阶段的英国政治称为压力集团的时代。本文主要从历史角度来探讨英国压力集团的发展历史、压力集团的发展背景、影响政府决策表现以及压力集团的评价问题。本文主要观点是:压力集团是志在影响政府决策的组织。压力集团发展至今已有二百多年之久。在18世纪后期英国压力集团出现第一次高潮,当时主要局限于地方层面的活动;19世纪后期是英国压力集团的第二次高潮,该阶段压力集团的各种类型产生,其活动已波及到全国;1945年以后压力集团迎来第三次高潮,该阶段英国压力集团处于政治中心。压力集团的发展与英国政党的衰落、政府的支持有着很大的关系;英国经济的发展变化为压力集团提供了物质基础;而该阶段阶级的变化、国家社会福利职能的缺陷及科技教育的发展又成为压力集团出现的重要社会文化因素。压力集团为影响决策对政府、欧盟、议会、法庭以及地方政府等各个层面广泛施压,虽有失败,但有众多的压力集团施压取得了成功。无疑压力集团对英国政治产生了重大影响。它不但成为个人参与政治的一条重要渠道,而且成为政府信息的重要来源,是政府的得力助手;当然,压力集团也有它消极的一面,诸如推翻政府、阻碍经济等等诸如此类的不良后果。与压力集团影响相关的理论要涉及自由民主、新自由主义等概念。
[Abstract]:The rapid development of British pressure groups since World War II has had an unprecedented impact on British politics, so British political scientist win Grant called that stage of British politics the era of pressure groups. This paper mainly discusses the development history of British pressure groups, the development background of pressure groups, the influence of government decision-making performance and the evaluation of pressure groups from the historical point of view. The main point of this paper is that pressure groups are organizations that are determined to influence government decisions. Pressure groups have been developed for more than 200 years. In the late 18th century there was the first climax of British pressure groups, which was mainly confined to activities at the local level, and the latter part of the 19th century was the second climax of British pressure groups, during which various types of pressure groups came into being. Its activities have spread all over the country; after 1945 the pressure groups reached a third climax, when the British pressure groups were at the centre of politics. The development of pressure groups had much to do with the decline of British political parties and the support of the government; the development of the British economy provided the material basis for the pressure groups; and the changes in class at that stage, The defects of social welfare function and the development of science and technology education have become important social and cultural factors of pressure groups. Pressure groups have pressed governments, the European Union, parliaments, courts and local governments at a wide range of levels to influence decision-making, and failed, but a number of pressure groups have succeeded. There is no doubt that pressure groups have had a major impact on British politics. It has become not only an important channel for individuals to participate in politics, but also an important source of information for the government and an effective assistant to the government; of course, pressure groups have their negative side, such as overthrowing the government. Obstructing the economy and so on. The theories related to the influence of pressure groups are related to the concepts of liberal democracy and neoliberalism.
【学位授予单位】：湖南科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K561.5

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