试析罗斯福“新政”中的社会福利政策

发布时间：2018-10-30 07:47

【摘要】： 罗斯福“新政”是美国历史上的重要时期,在政治、经济及社会文化等多重意义上揭开了美国历史新的一页。在经济大萧条的困境中,临危受命的罗斯福总统采取了一系列创新举措挽救美国经济,维护社会稳定。其中,社会福利政策突破了固有的思维和模式,在较大程度上缓解了经济危机的恶化过程,维护了美国社会中下层群体的基本利益,维持了经济动荡下的社会稳定,把美国社会福利制度带入了新的历史阶段。鉴于罗斯福“新政”的重要意义,许多学者对“新政”进行了深入的研究。目前为止大多数的学术专著注重于结合财政策略,从金融业、工业、农业恢复和行政、司法改革政策等角度探讨罗斯福“新政”整体上对美国政治、经济和劳资关系的影响,专门针对“新政”的社会福利政策和社会福利制度及其作用和影响的分析和研究之论著相当阙如。目前,中国学术界对罗斯福“新政”的研究主要仍集中在政治(对美国总统之职及之后政府调整和改革模式的影响)、经济(国家干预经济)及意识形态(美国共产主义党派及思想的发展、调节阶级冲突和对立)等方面;针对罗斯福“新政”社会福利政策进行阐述的主要著作为黄安年所著《当代美国的社会保障政策》及牛文光所著《美国社会保障制度的发展》。由于上述专著的着眼点在于描绘美国社会福利保障制度的发展及现状,尽管它们讨论了罗斯福“新政”的社会福利政策对当代美国社会保障制度的重要意义,但并未深入分析这些政策如何从政治、经济和思想文化上影响美国社会。因此,本文首先分析美国传统的社会福利和社会救济思想,以及在此基础上建立的社会福利机制,回顾经济大萧条期间胡佛总统对社会福利和救济需求的态度和处理方式。本文进而以罗斯福“新政”中与解决中下层群体就业及保障基本生活水平相关的社会福利政策为研究重点,探讨和分析这些政策对黑人和妇女等弱势群体的作用和意义。为了宏观地评判这些政策的历史意义,在考察这些政策的对原有社会福利概念的突破、当时社会民众的普遍态度、政策执行情况和所产生的历史影响的基础上,论文对罗斯福“新政”社会福利制度在经济、政治和具体实施上的不足之处进行深入的剖析,并阐明这些政策对美国传统福利制度的突破,论证国家政府为民众提供社会福利和就业救济的必要性。
[Abstract]:Roosevelt's "New deal" was an important period in American history, which opened a new page in American history in the sense of politics, economy and social culture. In the predicament of the Great Depression, the dying President Roosevelt took a series of innovative measures to save the American economy and maintain social stability. Among them, the social welfare policy has broken through the inherent thinking and pattern, alleviated to a large extent the worsening process of the economic crisis, safeguarded the basic interests of the middle and lower classes of American society, and maintained the social stability under the economic turmoil. The social welfare system of the United States has entered a new historical stage. In view of the importance of Roosevelt's New deal, many scholars deeply studied the New deal. So far, most of the academic monographs have focused on discussing the overall impact of Roosevelt's "New deal" on American politics, economy and labor relations from the perspectives of finance, industry, agricultural recovery and administration, and judicial reform policies, in combination with fiscal strategies. The analysis and research on the social welfare policy and the social welfare system, its function and influence of the New deal are rather scarce. At present, the study of Roosevelt's "New deal" in Chinese academia is still focused on politics (the influence on the post of US President and the mode of government adjustment and reform after it). Economy (state intervention in the economy) and ideology (the development of communist parties and ideology in the United States, the adjustment of class conflicts and antagonism); The main works on the social welfare policy of Roosevelt's New deal are Huang'an 's Social Security Policy in Contemporary America and Niu Wenguang's the Development of American Social Security system. Since these monographs focus on depicting the development and current situation of the social welfare system in the United States, although they discussed the importance of Roosevelt's "New deal" social welfare policy to the contemporary American social security system, But there is no in-depth analysis of how these policies affect American society politically, economically, and ideologically and culturally. Therefore, this paper first analyzes the traditional American social welfare and social relief thoughts, and the social welfare mechanism established on this basis, and reviews President Hoover's attitude towards social welfare and social relief needs during the Great Depression. This paper focuses on the social welfare policies in Roosevelt's New deal, which are related to solving the employment of the middle and lower classes and ensuring the basic living standard, and discusses and analyzes the role and significance of these policies to the disadvantaged groups such as black and women. In order to judge the historical significance of these policies macroscopically, on the basis of examining the breakthrough of these policies to the original concept of social welfare, the general attitude of the people at that time, the implementation of the policies and the historical impact they have had, This paper analyzes the economic, political and practical deficiencies of Roosevelt's "New deal" social welfare system, and expounds the breakthrough of these policies to the traditional welfare system in the United States. To demonstrate the necessity of providing social welfare and employment relief to the people by the state government.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712.5

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