科学与谬误—日本近代学术思潮与《论语》研究的新态势

发布时间：2018-11-04 15:46

【摘要】：在日本近代的学术、文化语境中,《论语》研究受到怀疑论、实证论、兰克史学、国家主义及皇权主义等思潮与观念的巨大而深刻的影响,生出一些新的变化与动向,如山路爱山《孔子论》、武内义雄《论语之研究》、宫崎市定《论语之新研究》、津田左右吉《论语和孔子的思想》、服部宇之吉《孔子及孔子教》等己然与传统经学和我国学术迥然相异。对其研究的思路、方法、目的、态度、效用、水准、得失等情况进行学术考察,我们可以弄清《论语》研究与诠释在近代日本的学术与文化语境中的新变和特质,乃至管窥日本近代文化构建之一斑。山路爱山的《论语》文献批评颇具怀疑精神。他不迷信古籍,而是以较为科学的学术方法审定《论语》文献的可信度。其研究中虽然未免失当之处,但对文献的怀疑尚在理性的范围内,论证过程和结论也大体妥当。武内义雄对现行本《论语》的篇章次第及构成等持一定的怀疑态度,故以实证主义治文献批评研究,力图还原《论语》古貌。其研究中虽有颇需商榷之处,但研究思路和方法很具参考价值,结论也似可成一家之言。宫崎市定从近代史学的角度出发,将《论语》视为史料,主张进行科学的史料批判。他综合运用历史学和语言学知识,对《论语》本文及训诂提出质疑。其研究思路颇为可取,但结论中多有不当之处。津田左右吉对《论语》文献的怀疑与批判显然是非理性的。他综合运用文献批评与思想史研究的手段,对《论语》中的孔子语录材料进行真伪判断。但其研究的实质是在还原孔子的名义下,否定孔子语录材料,瓦解孔子学说体系,进而抹煞日本文化中的中国因素。津田《论语》学在狭隘的民族主义情绪中丧失学术理性,走向虚无的否定。服部宇之吉的《论语》诠释是十分荒谬的。他通过对《论语》等儒典的歪曲诠释,鼓吹孔子教。其实质是高扬孔子的灵幡,裹挟儒学为日本天皇体制及军国主义造势。服部及其所谓的孔子教显然已经背离了学术精神,走向谬误。综而言之,由于西方学术思潮的冲击和民族意识的觉醒与膨胀,日本的《论语》文献批评与诠释具有鲜明而浓厚的民族特色与时代属性。山路、武内、宫崎的文献批评具有较为纯粹的学术性质和科学意义,但是,津田的文献批评却成了否定中国思想文化的工具。更有甚者,服部将孔子和《论语》歪曲诠释为日本天皇体制及军国主义的精神庇佑和理论支持。日本近代的《论语》研究中,既闪耀着近代学术的科学之光,也飘荡着谬误与邪恶的阴霾。
[Abstract]:In the academic and cultural context of modern Japan, the Analects of Confucius has been greatly and profoundly influenced by skepticism, positivism, Rank historiography, nationalism and imperial authoritarianism, and has produced some new changes and trends. Such as Mount Aishan, Confucius, Wu Neixiong, the study of the Analects, Miyazaki, the New study of the Analects, the Analects and Confucius' thoughts, Hanbu Yuji Confucius and Confucius teachings are quite different from traditional classics and Chinese learning. Through an academic investigation of its research ideas, methods, purposes, attitudes, effects, standards, gains and losses, we can find out the new changes and characteristics of the Analects of Confucius' research and interpretation in the academic and cultural context of modern Japan. Even a glimpse of the construction of modern Japanese culture. The Analects of Confucius (Analects of Analects) on the mountain road is full of skepticism. He does not believe in ancient books, but uses a more scientific academic method to examine the credibility of the Analects of Confucius document. Although it is a bit of a mistake in its research, the skepticism of the literature is still within the scope of rationality, and the argumentation process and conclusion are generally appropriate. Wu Neixiong holds a certain doubt about the second and the composition of the current text of the Analects of Confucius, so he tries to restore the ancient appearance of the Analects of Confucius by applying positivism to the study of literature criticism. Although there are some problems in the research, the research ideas and methods are of great reference value, and the conclusion seems to be the same. Miyazaki regards Analects as historical materials from the perspective of modern historiography and advocates scientific criticism of historical materials. Using his knowledge of history and linguistics, he questioned the Analects of Confucius and his exegesis. Its research idea is quite desirable, but there are many improper points in the conclusion. The doubt and criticism of the Analects of Confucius are obviously irrational. By means of literature criticism and the study of history of thought, he judged the truth and falsity of Confucius quotations in Analects of Confucius (Analects of Confucius). However, the essence of its research is to deny Confucius quotation materials, to disintegrate Confucius doctrine system and to obliterate the Chinese factors in Japanese culture under the name of Confucius. Jintian Analects of Confucius loses academic rationality in narrow nationalist mood and goes to the negation of nothingness. The Analects of Hakebuchi is very absurd. He advocated Confucius through the distorted interpretation of Confucian classics such as the Analects of Confucius. The essence of it is to raise Confucius' spiritual banners and to promote Confucianism for the Japanese emperor system and militarism. Hattori and his so-called Confucius teachings have apparently deviated from the academic spirit to fallacy. In a word, due to the impact of western academic thoughts and the awakening and expansion of national consciousness, the Japanese Analects of Confucius literature criticism and interpretation have distinct and strong national characteristics and characteristics of the times. The literature criticism of Yamalu, Wunai and Miyazaki has a relatively pure academic nature and scientific significance. However, the literature criticism of Tsuda has become a tool to negate Chinese ideology and culture. Moreover, Hattori distorted Confucius and the Analects of Confucius as the spiritual blessing and theoretical support of the Japanese emperor system and militarism. In the study of the Analects of Confucius in modern Japan, there is not only the light of modern science, but also the haze of fallacy and evil.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K313

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