美国对土耳其武器禁运研究（1975-1978）

发布时间：2018-11-06 13:40

【摘要】：土耳其是美国在中东地区的重要战略伙伴,尤其是冷战开始后,双方的关系更为密切。但是两国关系的发展并不是一帆风顺的,塞浦路斯问题是影响美土双边关系的一个重要因素,并最终导致了20世纪70年代中期美国对土耳其的武器禁运,这一事件对两国双边关系的发展产生了深远影响,是两国双边关系发展中的重要转折点。 20世纪50年代,土耳其当局重新插手塞浦路斯事务,这使其与希腊在爱琴海争端不断。美国出于维持北约东南翼稳定的考虑,开始介入塞浦路斯争端,使这一问题更加复杂。希土两国在塞浦路斯问题上的分歧最终导致了双方的武装冲突。1974年土耳其先后两次出兵塞浦路斯并攻占了塞岛大片土地,为了使土耳其在塞浦路斯问题上让步,美国国会不顾美国政府的反对,开始对土耳其实施武器禁运。作为回应,土耳其政府关闭了美国在土耳其的军事基地,这对双方都产生了极为消极的影响。为了打破这一局面,以福特(后期为卡特)总统、基辛格国务卿为代表的美国政府开始了艰苦卓绝的取消武器禁运的活动。通过不懈努力,最终于1978年9月26日,美国总统卡特宣布结束对土耳其长达三年的武器禁运。本文最后对武器禁运的原因以及造成的影响进行了分析评价。美国对土耳其实施武器禁运的原因主要有三点：一是“国会的复兴”,1970年代国会与政府对外交权展开了争夺,并成功“收回”了宪法赋予自己的外交权利,这是国会执意对土耳其实施武器禁运成为可能；第二是希腊裔美国人少数族群游说集团在禁运中起到推波助澜的作用；第三,武器禁运也是之前土耳其鸦片种植问题的延续。三方面的因素相互交织,最终导致了武器禁运政策的出台。武器禁运政策不仅没能使土耳其从塞岛撤军,反而使塞浦路斯问题更加复杂,增大了解决的难度,同时引起了盟友土耳其的强烈不满,美国的国家利益也受到了损害。因此,在一定程度上武器禁运政策是失败的,成为了两国双边关系发展中的重要转折点。
[Abstract]:Turkey is an important strategic partner of the United States in the Middle East, especially since the beginning of the Cold War. However, the development of bilateral relations between the two countries has not been smooth sailing. The Cyprus issue is an important factor affecting the bilateral relations between the United States and Turkey, and ultimately led to the arms embargo imposed by the United States on Turkey in the mid-1970s. This event has had a profound impact on the development of bilateral relations and is an important turning point in the development of bilateral relations. The Turkish authorities resumed their involvement in Cyprus in the 1950 s, sparking disputes with Greece over the Aegean Sea. The issue was complicated by the United States' involvement in the Cyprus dispute for the sake of maintaining stability in NATO's southeastern wing. The differences between Greece and Turkey on the Cyprus issue eventually led to an armed conflict between the two sides. In 1974, Turkey sent two troops to Cyprus and captured a large part of the island, in order to make Turkey compromise on the Cyprus issue. The United States Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey despite the opposition of the United States Government. In response, the Turkish government closed U.S. military bases in Turkey, with extremely negative effects on both sides. To break this situation, the United States government, represented by President Ford (later Carter) and Secretary of State Kissinger, began an arduous campaign to lift the arms embargo. Through tireless efforts, on September 26, 1978, President Carter declared the end of the three-year arms embargo against Turkey. Finally, the causes and effects of the arms embargo are analyzed and evaluated. There are three main reasons why the United States imposed an arms embargo on Turkey: first, "the revival of Congress", in the 1970s, Congress and the government competed over diplomatic rights, and successfully "recovered" their diplomatic rights under the Constitution. It is possible for Congress to insist on imposing an arms embargo on Turkey; Second, the Greek-American minority lobby helped fuel the embargo; and third, the arms embargo was a continuation of the previous opium problem in Turkey. The three factors intertwined each other and eventually led to the introduction of the arms embargo policy. The arms embargo policy has not only failed to withdraw Turkish troops from the island, but also complicated the Cyprus problem, made it more difficult to resolve, aroused strong dissatisfaction from its ally Turkey, and damaged the national interests of the United States. Therefore, the arms embargo policy failed to some extent and became an important turning point in the development of bilateral relations.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K153

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