16世纪奥斯曼帝国北非海盗政策研究
发布时间：2018-11-12 21:08
【摘要】：16世纪,地中海地区风云变幻,奥斯曼帝国与西班牙帝国成为地中海角逐场的主要国家。奥斯曼帝国战胜威尼斯成为东地中海的霸权并将势力范围向西地中海推进,由于海军实力的有限不得不在北非寻求合作者,马格里布海盗成为帝国的不二选择。西班牙经历新航路开辟后,实力大增,将西地中海纳入自身统治圈。奥斯曼帝国与西班牙帝国在地中海形成分庭抗争之势,北非海盗在奥斯曼争霸进程中扮演重要角色。北非海盗历史悠久,16世纪,红胡子家族的崛起与奥斯曼帝国的扩张政策相互借重。奥斯曼帝国实施的海盗政策大致起始于1481年穆罕默德二世意图利用北非海盗驱赶罗德岛圣约翰骑士团,止于1740年奥斯曼帝国签订海盗禁令。1518年以前,奥斯曼帝国的海盗政策处于准备阶段;1518-1587年,贝勒贝伊时期是马格里布地区处于奥斯曼帝国统治的最有效时期,该阶段贝勒贝伊既是海盗集团领袖又是奥斯曼海军总司令,帝国对北非的统治以及与西班牙就地中海事务的争夺均基于海盗政策的实施;1587年至16世纪末,总督制时代奥斯曼帝国的海盗政策逐渐走上下坡路。奥斯曼帝国海盗政策是帝国维护东地中海势力、制约西班牙向北非扩展的主要手段。奥斯曼帝国实施海盗政策主要基于内外两方面因素:内因是扩张与防御的双向需求,财政不济及海事传统衰弱亟需擅长海战的军队补充;外因则为西奥地区实力相当北非海盗成为制胜关键,奥法同盟缓解海盗军团的压力及北非海盗实力过硬成为奥斯曼帝国的最优选择。奥斯曼帝国的西向扩张野心是其海盗政策实施的根本动因。海盗政策的实施伴随着奥斯曼与西班牙的地中海角逐。16世纪,无论是奥斯曼还是西班牙核心利益区均不是地中海。尽管如此,地中海仍是两国扩张范围的重要节点。奥斯曼帝国的海盗政策基本完成了预定目标,成功抵制西班牙的北非扩张,在此基础上给基督教国家以沉重打击,进而引起基督教国家的反击。16世纪,在地中海地区,奥斯曼帝国支持北非海盗打击西班牙在地中海的势力,西班牙资助骑士团抗击穆斯林国家的侵扰。奥斯曼帝国与西班牙帝国在地中海展开的争霸活动,主要是围绕着代理人战争进行的。代理人战争是两大帝国在实力相当的情况下,采取的最优选择。在地中海的争斗过程中,所有的参与者都将自利原则奉为唯一准则,宗教与文化等因素完全屈从于自利原则。16世纪,地中海的代理人战争既是奥斯曼与西班牙斗争的表现形式,又是近代大国地区争霸缩影的一瞥。
[Abstract]:In the 16 th century, the Mediterranean changed, and the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire became the main players in the Mediterranean. The Ottoman Empire defeated Venice to become the hegemony of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and pushed its sphere of influence to the western Mediterranean Sea. Due to the limited naval power it had to seek collaborators in North Africa and the Maghreb pirates became the imperial choice. Spain experienced the opening of a new route, the strength of the West Mediterranean into its own ruling circle. The Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire fought in the Mediterranean Sea, and the North African pirates played an important role in the Ottoman struggle for hegemony. North African pirates have a long history, the 16 th century, the rise of the Red Beard family and the Ottoman Empire's expansion policy. The policy of piracy in the Ottoman Empire began largely in 1481, when Mohamed II intended to use North African pirates to drive out the order of St. John, Rhode Island, until the Ottoman Empire signed a ban on piracy in 1740. 1518 years ago, The piracy policy of the Ottoman Empire is in the preparatory stage; From 1518-1587, the period of Baylor Bei was the most effective period in which the Maghreb region was under Ottoman rule, which was both the leader of the pirate syndicate and the commander in chief of the Ottoman Navy. The imperial rule over North Africa and the rivalry with Spain over Mediterranean affairs were based on the implementation of the piracy policy; From 1587 to the end of the 16 th century, the Ottoman Empire's piracy policy gradually declined. Ottoman piracy policy was the main means to protect the Eastern Mediterranean and restrict Spain's expansion to North Africa. The policy of piracy in Ottoman Empire is mainly based on internal and external factors: the internal cause is the two-way demand of expansion and defense, the lack of finance and the weakness of maritime tradition need to be supplemented by troops who are good at naval warfare; The external cause is that the West Austria region is equal to the North African pirates and the Austro-French alliance to relieve the pressure of the Pirates Corps and the North African pirates strength is the best choice for the Ottoman Empire. The westward expansion ambition of Ottoman Empire was the fundamental cause of its pirate policy. The policy of piracy was accompanied by Ottoman rivalry with Spain's Mediterranean. In the 16th century neither Ottoman nor Spain's core area of interest was the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, the Mediterranean remains an important node in the expansion of the two countries. The Ottoman Empire's piracy policy basically achieved its intended goal, successfully boycotting Spain's expansion in North Africa, on the basis of which it dealt a heavy blow to Christian countries, and then caused a counterattack by Christian countries. In the 16th century, in the Mediterranean region, The Ottoman Empire supported North African pirates against Spanish influence in the Mediterranean, and Spain funded the Knights to fight against Muslim nations. The Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire fought for hegemony in the Mediterranean Sea, mainly around proxy warfare. Proxy warfare is the best choice adopted by the two empires under the condition of equal strength. In the struggle in the Mediterranean, all the participants regarded the principle of self-interest as the sole criterion, religion and culture, etc., completely succumbed to the principle of self-interest. The proxy war in the Mediterranean is not only the manifestation of Ottoman's struggle against Spain, but also the epitome of the regional hegemony of modern powers.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K374.3
，
本文编号：2328221
[Abstract]:In the 16 th century, the Mediterranean changed, and the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire became the main players in the Mediterranean. The Ottoman Empire defeated Venice to become the hegemony of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and pushed its sphere of influence to the western Mediterranean Sea. Due to the limited naval power it had to seek collaborators in North Africa and the Maghreb pirates became the imperial choice. Spain experienced the opening of a new route, the strength of the West Mediterranean into its own ruling circle. The Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire fought in the Mediterranean Sea, and the North African pirates played an important role in the Ottoman struggle for hegemony. North African pirates have a long history, the 16 th century, the rise of the Red Beard family and the Ottoman Empire's expansion policy. The policy of piracy in the Ottoman Empire began largely in 1481, when Mohamed II intended to use North African pirates to drive out the order of St. John, Rhode Island, until the Ottoman Empire signed a ban on piracy in 1740. 1518 years ago, The piracy policy of the Ottoman Empire is in the preparatory stage; From 1518-1587, the period of Baylor Bei was the most effective period in which the Maghreb region was under Ottoman rule, which was both the leader of the pirate syndicate and the commander in chief of the Ottoman Navy. The imperial rule over North Africa and the rivalry with Spain over Mediterranean affairs were based on the implementation of the piracy policy; From 1587 to the end of the 16 th century, the Ottoman Empire's piracy policy gradually declined. Ottoman piracy policy was the main means to protect the Eastern Mediterranean and restrict Spain's expansion to North Africa. The policy of piracy in Ottoman Empire is mainly based on internal and external factors: the internal cause is the two-way demand of expansion and defense, the lack of finance and the weakness of maritime tradition need to be supplemented by troops who are good at naval warfare; The external cause is that the West Austria region is equal to the North African pirates and the Austro-French alliance to relieve the pressure of the Pirates Corps and the North African pirates strength is the best choice for the Ottoman Empire. The westward expansion ambition of Ottoman Empire was the fundamental cause of its pirate policy. The policy of piracy was accompanied by Ottoman rivalry with Spain's Mediterranean. In the 16th century neither Ottoman nor Spain's core area of interest was the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, the Mediterranean remains an important node in the expansion of the two countries. The Ottoman Empire's piracy policy basically achieved its intended goal, successfully boycotting Spain's expansion in North Africa, on the basis of which it dealt a heavy blow to Christian countries, and then caused a counterattack by Christian countries. In the 16th century, in the Mediterranean region, The Ottoman Empire supported North African pirates against Spanish influence in the Mediterranean, and Spain funded the Knights to fight against Muslim nations. The Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire fought for hegemony in the Mediterranean Sea, mainly around proxy warfare. Proxy warfare is the best choice adopted by the two empires under the condition of equal strength. In the struggle in the Mediterranean, all the participants regarded the principle of self-interest as the sole criterion, religion and culture, etc., completely succumbed to the principle of self-interest. The proxy war in the Mediterranean is not only the manifestation of Ottoman's struggle against Spain, but also the epitome of the regional hegemony of modern powers.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K374.3
，
本文编号：2328221
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