斯大林、苏联外交与冷战的起源

发布时间：2018-11-26 08:14

【摘要】：对安全的追求,对于形成斯大林在战前、二战中以及战后不同时期的政策起到了至关重要的作用。从国内政治看,这种政策不仅是动员苏联人民应对斯大林所认为的即将到来的、新一轮同西方的对抗的手段,而且也是巩固他在苏联最高决策层内地位和权力的一个手段。斯大林是苏联在战后关键问题上,诸如东欧的前途、德国问题以及对日占领问题上采取强硬政策的决策者。斯大林努力主导战后东欧国家的政治发展,其主要目标是要沿着苏联西部边界建立一个安全地带。斯大林认为,这一目标同与西方保持良好关系的需要并不矛盾。斯大林希望苏联在东欧的势力范围可以被英美所承认,以换取苏联承认西方在欧洲其他地区的影响。斯大林对东欧的控制,部分原因也是因为担心同英美的合作可能面临失败。然而,斯大林对东欧的控制最终还是被西方认为是挑战西方,从而产生了与他的愿望相反的结果。在这一过程中,苏联对自身安全与意识形态的追求,一方面同西方所坚持的所谓"民主、自决"原则产生了尖锐的矛盾;更为重要的是,苏联的目标同美国日益扩张的在全球的利益发生了严重的冲突,从而使欧洲逐步分裂成为两个敌对的集团。在同西方盟国打交道的过程中,斯大林在较少重要性的问题上,如的里雅斯特问题、其卫星国的赔偿问题以及托管地等问题上表现出灵活性,也愿意作出妥协。而在主要问题上,斯大林则毫不妥协。苏联在战争后期和战后初期对土耳其、伊朗的政策,成为以美国为首的西方国家遏制苏联的主要理由,成为导致冷战爆发的重要事件。就这样,苏联和美国这两个战时的盟友,领导着各自的阵营,开始了长达四十年的冷战。
[Abstract]:The pursuit of security played a vital role in shaping Stalin's policies before the war, during World War II and in different postwar periods. In terms of domestic politics, this policy is not only a means of mobilizing the Soviet people to deal with what Stalin regards as an upcoming round of confrontation with the West, but also a means of consolidating his position and power at the highest decision-making level in the Soviet Union. Stalin was the Soviet policy maker on key postwar issues, such as the future of Eastern Europe, Germany and the occupation of Japan. Stalin sought to dominate postwar political development in Eastern Europe, the main goal of which was to establish a secure zone along the western borders of the Soviet Union. Stalin argued that this goal was not inconsistent with the need to maintain good relations with the West. Stalin wants the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe to be recognized by Britain and the US in return for the Soviet Union's recognition of Western influence in other parts of Europe. Stalin's control of Eastern Europe was also due in part to fears that co-operation with Britain and the US might fail. Stalin's control of Eastern Europe, however, was ultimately perceived by the West as a challenge to the West, with counterproductive consequences. In this process, the Soviet Union's pursuit of its own security and ideology, on the one hand, produced sharp contradictions with the so-called "democracy, self-determination" principle upheld by the West; More importantly, the Soviet Union's objectives were in serious conflict with the expanding global interests of the United States, which gradually divided Europe into two rival blocs. In his dealings with Western allies, Stalin was willing to compromise on issues of lesser importance, such as Trieste, compensation for his satellite states, and trusteeship. On the main issue, Stalin was uncompromising. The Soviet Union's policy towards Turkey and Iran in the late and early postwar period became the main reason for the United States-led Western countries to contain the Soviet Union and became an important event leading to the outbreak of the Cold War. Thus, the Soviet Union and the United States, two wartime allies, led their respective camps and began a forty-year cold war.
【作者单位】：华东师范大学历史学系;
【分类号】：K512.5;D851.2

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