近代日本报界的政治动员（1868-1945）

发布时间：2018-12-25 13:15

【摘要】：作为政治动员的强大武器，近代日本报界被政府严厉管控，在整个国家和社会层面逐渐形成了“总体战体制”，不断强化国家和民众的“命运共同体”意识——既参与“佐幕”与“勤王”之争，也大力宣传自由和民权；既反对军部独裁、争取宪政民主，也积极宣传对外扩张，服从“国益”，不遗余力地鼓动“万众一心”，充当战争帮凶。本论文依托日本传媒史、日本政治史和新闻学、传播学理论，利用日文原始文献档案、借鉴国内外先行研究成果，以“政治动员”为线索，系统梳理了1868—1945年间日本报界与政治的互动关系，特别是深入研究了在政治强力干预和控制下逐渐形成的近代日本报界“总体战体制”和甲午战争、日俄战争、侵华战争中的宣传战实践，以及中江兆民、福泽谕吉和德富苏峰等舆论领袖的思想传播、传媒影响力，并分析了近代日本报界的战争责任和历史认识问题，通过客观、公正地分析与评价，为近代日本报界的发生、发展勾勒出一幅既符合历史事实，又具清晰脉络的“贯战史”画卷。本论文主要通过对明治维新时期、自由民权运动时期、大正民主运动时期和甲午战争时期、日俄战争时期、侵华战争时期等六个时期的日本报界与政治互动关系研究，试图阐述以下问题：一是在明治大正时期，即日本政治和社会走向近代化过程中，报界与政府既相互扶持、共同促进，也相互斗争、控制与反控制，这种既对抗又联合的关系，，正是在社会剧烈变动时期近代报界发展的必经阶段。总体来说，明治初期的报界在推动日本政治和社会走向近代化的过程中发挥了政治动员的积极作用。二是当政府为推行侵略扩张国策，不断加强舆论控制后，报界无力对抗，终于放弃做政党和民众维持宪政民主、“参与政争的有力武器”，而是“转向”沦为政府对内控制舆论、对外实施扩张政策的政治动员工具——通过狂热的宣传行动、细致的战胜报道、虚假的欺骗宣传，甚至直接组织战争动员活动，最大限度地支持了侵略战争及其长期化。三是对于近代日本历史上的侵略战争，日本报界负有不可推卸的战争责任；由于战后不彻底的民主化改造，战后报界也不同程度地继承了战前和战时的国家民族观念。时至今日，日本报界的“政治动员”仍未停止。在“总体战”研究范式下，以“贯战史”的方法论探讨近代日本报界与政治动员的历史，可知其“漫长的战后”仍在继续中。
[Abstract]:As a powerful weapon of political mobilization, the modern Japanese press was strictly controlled by the government and gradually formed a "general war system" in the whole country and society. Strengthen the consciousness of "destiny community" of the country and the populace constantly-not only participate in the struggle between "the secret screen" and "diligent king", but also vigorously propagate the freedom and civil rights; He opposed the military dictatorship, fought for constitutional democracy, actively propagated the expansion of foreign countries, obeyed the "national interests", spared no effort to encourage "United as one", and served as an accomplice to the war. This thesis relies on Japanese media history, Japanese political history and journalism, communication theory, uses Japanese original literature archives, draws lessons from domestic and foreign research achievements, and takes "political mobilization" as the clue. This paper systematically combs the interaction between Japanese newspapers and politics from 1868-1945, especially deeply studies the modern Japanese newspaper "overall war system" and the Sino-Japanese War, the Japan-Russian War, which gradually formed under the strong political intervention and control. The propaganda war practice in the war of aggression against China, as well as the ideological dissemination and media influence of the opinion leaders such as Chomin Nakae, FukuzawaYukichi and de Fu Su, and the analysis of the war responsibility and historical understanding of the modern Japanese press, through objective, An impartial analysis and evaluation was made to outline a picture of "the history of war", which not only accords with historical facts but also has a clear context for the development and development of modern Japanese newspapers. This thesis mainly studies the interaction between Japanese newspapers and politics during the Meiji Restoration period, the Free Civil Rights Movement period, the Dazheng Democratic Movement period and the Sino-Japanese War period, the Japanese-Russian War period, the invasion War period, and so on. This paper tries to elaborate the following questions: first, during the period of Meiji Taisho, that is, in the process of modernization of Japanese politics and society, the press and the government supported each other, promoted each other, also fought against each other, control and anti-control. The relationship between confrontation and union is the necessary stage of the development of modern newspapers in the period of drastic social change. In general, the early Meiji press played an active role in promoting the modernization of Japanese politics and society. Second, when the government continued to strengthen the control of public opinion in order to carry out an aggressive and expanding national policy, the press was unable to confront, and finally gave up being a political party and the public to maintain constitutional democracy and "a powerful weapon to participate in the political struggle." Rather, it became a political mobilization tool for the government to control public opinion internally and carry out expansionist policies abroad-through fanatical propaganda, meticulous victory over reports, false deception propaganda, and even direct organization of war mobilization activities. The war of aggression and its prolongation were supported to the maximum extent. Third, the Japanese press bears the unshirkable responsibility for the war of aggression in the modern Japanese history, and because of the incomplete democratic transformation after the war, the postwar press inherited to varying degrees the concepts of nation and nation before and during the war. To this day, the Japanese press's "political mobilization" has not stopped. Under the research paradigm of "general war", the history of newspaper and political mobilization in modern Japan is discussed with the methodology of "the history of war after war", and it is known that its "long postwar" is still going on.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：G219.313;K313.4

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