论19世纪80年代以前的美国犹太教会堂

发布时间：2019-03-20 11:14

【摘要】： 对于美国犹太人来说,19世纪80年代以前这段时间是个重要的时期。在这段时间里,美国犹太人面临着巨大挑战与机遇。在这种背景下,犹太人群体在美国顽强地生存着,力量不断壮大,他们最终崛起,成为美国社会中的一个拥有巨大能量的权势集团,对美国政府的国内外政策产生了巨大影响。在美国犹太人崛起的这一历史进程中,犹太教会堂的地位不容小视。随着犹太人处境的变化,犹太教会堂经历了三个发展阶段,每个阶段各有其特点,都对美国犹太人有着特殊的意义,影响重大而深远。一部犹太教会堂发展史也是一部犹太人在美国处境和地位的变迁史。本文在马克思主义唯物史观的指导下,适当结合汤因比的“挑战与应战”理论,以19世纪80年代以前犹太人在美国的境遇为大背景,对美国犹太教会堂进行研究,同时分析会堂在各个发展阶段对犹太人的影响。本文正文分为三大部分: 第一部分,殖民地时代的犹太人面临着大量挑战与机遇,在这种条件下,会堂开始建立,其内部的成员关系及运作机制都很特殊,会堂收支问题也是这个时代会堂内部的重要问题。会堂所具有的这些特点都对殖民地犹太人产生了深远影响。第二部分,美国的建立给犹太人的生活带来了巨大冲击,犹太人开始面临全新的社会境遇。在这种大环境下,犹太教会堂发生分裂,面临新的竞争,而且内部出现变革。这一系列的新变化都深刻影响着美国犹太人的生活。第三部分,从19世纪30年代一直到19世纪80年代之前,这是美国的大发展时期,也是美国犹太人的大发展时期。在这半个世纪中,美国犹太人接触了全新的社会环境。会堂出现了爆炸式扩张,内部变革走向深入,妇女地位上升,重新认识了犹太性。此时会堂所呈现的这些特点,对于美国犹太人甚至是世界犹太人都有深刻的影响。结语总体上概述了美国犹太人的社会境遇、会堂的变化以及会堂对犹太人的影响三者之间的关系。可以发现,会堂的存在与不断发展在美国犹太人的成长史上有着重大的意义,会堂是美国犹太人崛起的一个重要条件。
[Abstract]:For American Jews, the period before the 1880s was an important period. During this period, American Jews faced great challenges and opportunities. In this context, the Jewish community in the United States survives tenaciously, the strength grows, they finally rise, become a powerful group with great energy in the American society, and have a great influence on the domestic and foreign policies of the American government. In the historical process of the rise of American Jews, the position of the synagogue should not be underestimated. With the change of the Jewish situation, the synagogue of Judaism has experienced three stages of development, each stage has its own characteristics, all have special significance to the American Jews, and have a great and far-reaching influence. A history of Jewish synagogue development is also a history of changes in the situation and status of Jews in the United States. Under the guidance of Marxist historical materialism, this paper studies the American synagogue of Judaism on the background of the Jewish situation in the United States before the 1880's with the proper combination of Toynby's Theory of "Challenge and response to War" and the background of the situation of the Jews in the United States before the 1880's. At the same time, the influence of the synagogue on Jews at various stages of development is analyzed. The main body of this paper is divided into three parts: the first part, the Jews of the colonial era are faced with a lot of challenges and opportunities. Under this condition, the synagogue began to be established. Its internal membership and operating mechanism are very special, and the revenue and expenditure of the synagogue is also an important issue in this era. These characteristics of the synagogue had a profound impact on the colonial Jews. The second part, the establishment of the United States brought a great impact on the life of Jews, Jews began to face a new social situation. In this environment, the synagogue was divided, faced with new competition and internal change. This series of new changes have deeply affected the life of American Jews. The third part, from the 1830s to the 1880s, this is the period of great development of the United States, but also the period of the great development of American Jews. During this half-century, American Jews came into contact with a new social environment. The synagogue expanded explosively, internal change deepened, the status of women rose, and Judaism was re-recognized. These characteristics of the synagogue had a profound influence on American Jews and even the Jews of the world. The conclusion summarizes the social situation of American Jews, the change of synagogue and the influence of synagogue on Jews. It can be found that the existence and continuous development of synagogue is of great significance in the history of the growth of American Jews. The synagogue is an important condition for the rise of American Jews.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.8

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