英国对土耳其海峡政策的演变
发布时间：2019-04-15 19:16
【摘要】： 土耳其海峡问题是近代国际关系的热点问题—“东方问题”的重要组 成部分，在18世纪末至20世纪初的英国对外政策中占有重要地位。出于 维持“欧洲均势”的需要，也出于确保英国通向东方之路畅通的考虑，英 国从18世纪末至19世纪30、40年代，，逐渐形成了对土耳其海峡的传统政 策。它有两个显著特征：第一，坚持奥斯曼土耳其帝国对黑海两海峡的主 权，当土耳其处于和平时期，海峡对外国战舰关闭；第二，维持土耳其的 独立和领土完整，以此保证和加强士耳其对海峡的主权。这一政策是英国 扼制欧洲其他大国、主要是扼制俄国在中近东地区扩张的产物。 19世纪后半叶，由于欧洲资本主义国家政治经济发展的不平衡，德国 统一后迅速崛起成为欧洲强国，欧洲同盟体系发生了显著变化，大英帝国 的霸权地位在世界范围内受到挑战。在新形势下，英国完全坚持传统政策 已不可能，也不再符合帝国的整体利益。1875年近东危机以后至1915年 英法俄签订海峡协定，英国从维持土耳其领土完整到参与对土耳其的瓜分， 从坚持海峡关闭政策到同意按俄国意愿安排海峡和君士坦丁堡的命运，传 统的海峡政策发生了有意义的变化。然而，英国维护其帝国利益的实质却 没有改变。 英国的海峡政策不是孤立的，它的形成和演变，反映了列强在中近东 地区的争夺与勾结，体现了大国外交的两个主要特征：“均势原则”和“补 偿原则”。正是欧洲大国维持中近东“均势”的需要，才使行将衰亡的土耳 其又苟延残喘地生存了100余年；也正是在不能完全维持土耳其独立和领 土完整的情况下，列强又纷纷追逐补偿。英国的海峡外交不仅从属于英国 对外政策的总战略，而且与列强在中近东地区的角逐及纷繁的国际问题交 织在一起。 本文重点阐述土耳其海峡在英国中近东战略中的地位和作用；分析英 国对土耳其海峡政策的演变及演变原因；揭示英国海峡政策与其“欧洲均 势”政策、帝国防御政策及外交总战略之间的内在关系。
[Abstract]:The issue of the Turkish Strait is an important part of the "Oriental issue", a hot issue in modern international relations, and plays an important role in Britain's foreign policy from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. In order to maintain the "European balance," and to ensure Britain's path to the East, the British countries from the end of the 18th century to the 1830s, the 1940s, the United Kingdom from the end of the 1800s to the 1930s, the 1940s, Gradually formed a traditional policy towards the Turkish Strait. It has two salient features: first, the insistence of Ottoman Turkish Empire over the Black Sea two straits, when Turkey is in peace, the Strait closed to foreign warships; Second, maintain Turkey's independence and territorial integrity in order to guarantee and strengthen its sovereignty over the Straits. This policy was the product of Britain's curbing of other European powers, mainly Russia's expansion in the Middle and near East. In the second half of the 19th century, due to the imbalance in the political and economic development of the European capitalist countries, Germany rose rapidly to become a European power after reunification, and the European alliance system changed significantly. The hegemony of the British Empire was challenged worldwide. Under the new situation, it is no longer possible for Britain to fully adhere to its traditional policy and is no longer in the interests of the Empire as a whole. After the near-East crisis of 1875 and the signing of the Straits Agreement between Britain, France and Russia in 1915, From maintaining Turkey's territorial integrity to participating in the division of Turkey, from insisting on the closure policy of the Straits to agreeing to arrange the fate of the Straits and Constantinople according to Russia's will, There has been a meaningful change in the policy of the Taiwan Strait. However, the essence of Britain's defence of the interests of its empire has not changed. Britain's straits policy is not isolated. Its formation and evolution reflect the rivalry and collusion of the great powers in the Central and near East. It embodies two main characteristics of great power diplomacy: the principle of balance of power and the principle of compensation. It is the need of the great powers of Europe to maintain the balance of power between the middle and the east, which makes the dying earthen survive for more than 100 years. It was under the condition that Turkey's independence and territorial integrity could not be fully maintained, the powers pursued compensation again. British cross-strait diplomacy is not only subordinate to the general strategy of Britain's foreign policy, but also intertwined with the rivalry of the powers in the Middle-near East region and the numerous international problems. This paper focuses on the position and role of the Turkish Strait in Britain's Middle-near East Strategy, analyzes the evolution of British policy towards the Turkish Strait and the reasons for its evolution. It reveals the internal relationship between the British Strait policy and its "European parity" policy, imperial defense policy and foreign general strategy.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：K561.4
本文编号：2458414
[Abstract]:The issue of the Turkish Strait is an important part of the "Oriental issue", a hot issue in modern international relations, and plays an important role in Britain's foreign policy from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. In order to maintain the "European balance," and to ensure Britain's path to the East, the British countries from the end of the 18th century to the 1830s, the 1940s, the United Kingdom from the end of the 1800s to the 1930s, the 1940s, Gradually formed a traditional policy towards the Turkish Strait. It has two salient features: first, the insistence of Ottoman Turkish Empire over the Black Sea two straits, when Turkey is in peace, the Strait closed to foreign warships; Second, maintain Turkey's independence and territorial integrity in order to guarantee and strengthen its sovereignty over the Straits. This policy was the product of Britain's curbing of other European powers, mainly Russia's expansion in the Middle and near East. In the second half of the 19th century, due to the imbalance in the political and economic development of the European capitalist countries, Germany rose rapidly to become a European power after reunification, and the European alliance system changed significantly. The hegemony of the British Empire was challenged worldwide. Under the new situation, it is no longer possible for Britain to fully adhere to its traditional policy and is no longer in the interests of the Empire as a whole. After the near-East crisis of 1875 and the signing of the Straits Agreement between Britain, France and Russia in 1915, From maintaining Turkey's territorial integrity to participating in the division of Turkey, from insisting on the closure policy of the Straits to agreeing to arrange the fate of the Straits and Constantinople according to Russia's will, There has been a meaningful change in the policy of the Taiwan Strait. However, the essence of Britain's defence of the interests of its empire has not changed. Britain's straits policy is not isolated. Its formation and evolution reflect the rivalry and collusion of the great powers in the Central and near East. It embodies two main characteristics of great power diplomacy: the principle of balance of power and the principle of compensation. It is the need of the great powers of Europe to maintain the balance of power between the middle and the east, which makes the dying earthen survive for more than 100 years. It was under the condition that Turkey's independence and territorial integrity could not be fully maintained, the powers pursued compensation again. British cross-strait diplomacy is not only subordinate to the general strategy of Britain's foreign policy, but also intertwined with the rivalry of the powers in the Middle-near East region and the numerous international problems. This paper focuses on the position and role of the Turkish Strait in Britain's Middle-near East Strategy, analyzes the evolution of British policy towards the Turkish Strait and the reasons for its evolution. It reveals the internal relationship between the British Strait policy and its "European parity" policy, imperial defense policy and foreign general strategy.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：K561.4
【引证文献】
相关博士学位论文 前1条
1 李兵;国际战略通道研究[D];中共中央党校;2005年
相关硕士学位论文 前3条
1 牛怀志;索尔兹伯里外交政策探析[D];山东师范大学;2009年
2 张剑;阿卜杜·哈米德二世时期的土耳其危机[D];山西大学;2010年
3 吴瑕;19世纪末20世纪初英国的亚美尼亚政策研究[D];广西师范大学;2012年
本文编号：2458414
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