冷战时期美国的军事战略与军备建设
发布时间：2019-05-15 15:30
【摘要】： 冷战时期,美国形成了为其全球战略服务的各种军事战略,包括“遏制战略”和各种核战略,如大规模报复战略、灵活反应战略、限制损伤战略、确保摧毁战略、现实威慑战略、有限核威慑战略和新灵活反应战略。与此相适应,美国的军备建设,无论是在发展常规军备还是在研制核武器方面,都不断发生变化。 美国在“二战”后登上了世界霸主的宝座。垄断资本主义的发展,迫切要求对外侵略和扩张。但随着苏联军事实力不断膨胀并向全球扩张,美国的霸主地位受到了强有力的挑战。全世界形成了两强对峙、争夺霸权的局面,是美国在这一时期不断调整军事战略与军备建设的历史背景和国际环境。 1945—1953年,美国推行以常规武器为主的“遏制战略”。在这一战略支配下,美国从核军备和常规军备两方面大幅度加强常备兵力,时刻准备同苏联及其盟国打一场常规战争。这一时期,美国的军备建设重点发展常规武器,但也加紧核武器的研制工作。在常规军力建设方面,重空轻海,空军成为一个独立军种。而军队指挥权的统一,也使长期困扰美国军队的一大难题得以解决。 1954—1969年,美国采取以打击对方城市为主的“威慑型”核战略。这期间,美国认为只要建立一支核力量,能确保摧毁苏联主要城市,就足以阻遏苏联对美国发动核突袭。主要包括“大规模报复”战略、“灵活反应”战略和“确保摧毁”战略,虽然名称和内容不同,但目标都是威慑。这一时期,美国推行以常规为主的多样化军备建设,陆军受到了重视。 到70—80年代,美国推行以打击对方军事目标为主的“实战型”核战略。主要包括“现实威慑”战略、“有限核威慑”战略和新“灵活反应”战略。这些战略都处在既想保持核优势又不敢打核大战这样一种矛盾之中,由此产生的各种作战理论,实际上都是围绕常规战争而展开的。这些都影响到这时期美国的军备建设——在发展核力量的同时,更加重视发展常规力量。同时,在国防管理方面进行了一系列颇有成效的改革。 总之,“二战”之后是美国军事战略最多变的时期,然而这些军事战略又都是围绕其全球战略而设计和展开的,其主要内容为:以美国的实力为出发点,配合美国世界战略的总体构想,使用美国的军事力量尤其是核武装力量。美国军事战略的基石是核威慑。本文试图通过对冷战时期美国军事战略与军备建设的探讨来进一步揭示美国最终取得冷战胜利的原因,以弥补当今研究上的某些不足。
[Abstract]:During the cold war, the United States developed a variety of military strategies in the service of its global strategy, including the containment Strategy and nuclear strategies, such as large-scale retaliatory strategies, flexible response strategies, damage limitation strategies and destruction strategies, Realistic deterrence strategy, limited nuclear deterrence strategy and new flexible response strategy. In line with this, the arms construction of the United States has been constantly changing, both in the development of conventional arms and in the development of nuclear weapons. The United States ascended the throne of world hegemony after World War II. The development of monopoly capitalism urgently requires foreign aggression and expansion. However, with the expansion of Soviet military power and global expansion, the dominant position of the United States has been strongly challenged. The world has formed a confrontation between the two powers and competed for hegemony, which is the historical background and international environment for the United States to constantly adjust its military strategy and arms construction during this period. From 1945 to 1953, the United States pursued a containment strategy dominated by conventional weapons. Under the domination of this strategy, the United States has greatly strengthened its standing strength in terms of nuclear and conventional arms and is always ready to wage a conventional war with the Soviet Union and its allies. During this period, the United States focused on the development of conventional weapons in arms construction, but also stepped up the development of nuclear weapons. In the aspect of conventional military strength construction, the air force has become an independent service by focusing on the air and light the sea. The unity of military command has also solved a major problem that has been perplexing the American army for a long time. From 1954 to 1969, the United States adopted a deterrence nuclear strategy based on cracking down on each other's cities. During this period, the United States believed that the establishment of a nuclear force that would ensure the destruction of major Soviet cities would be enough to deter the Soviet Union from launching a nuclear raid on the United States. It mainly includes "large-scale revenge" strategy, "flexible response" strategy and "ensure destruction" strategy, although the name and content are different, but the goal is deterrence. During this period, the United States carried out diversified arms construction dominated by conventional weapons, and the Army received attention. By the 1980 s, the United States pursued a "actual combat" nuclear strategy based on attacking each other's military targets. It mainly includes realistic deterrence strategy, limited nuclear deterrence strategy and new flexible response strategy. These strategies are in the contradiction of wanting to maintain nuclear superiority and afraid to fight a nuclear war, and the resulting operational theories are actually carried out around conventional wars. All this affected the arms building of the United States during this period-while developing nuclear forces, paying more attention to the development of conventional forces. At the same time, a series of fruitful reforms have been carried out in the field of national defense management. In a word, after World War II, the most changeable period of American military strategy, however, these military strategies are designed and carried out around their global strategy, and their main contents are as follows: based on the strength of the United States, In line with the overall vision of the US world strategy, the use of US military forces, especially the nuclear armed forces. The cornerstone of American military strategy is nuclear deterrence. This paper attempts to further reveal the reasons why the United States finally won the Cold War through the discussion of American military strategy and arms construction during the Cold War, in order to make up for some shortcomings in today's research.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712.54
本文编号：2477606
[Abstract]:During the cold war, the United States developed a variety of military strategies in the service of its global strategy, including the containment Strategy and nuclear strategies, such as large-scale retaliatory strategies, flexible response strategies, damage limitation strategies and destruction strategies, Realistic deterrence strategy, limited nuclear deterrence strategy and new flexible response strategy. In line with this, the arms construction of the United States has been constantly changing, both in the development of conventional arms and in the development of nuclear weapons. The United States ascended the throne of world hegemony after World War II. The development of monopoly capitalism urgently requires foreign aggression and expansion. However, with the expansion of Soviet military power and global expansion, the dominant position of the United States has been strongly challenged. The world has formed a confrontation between the two powers and competed for hegemony, which is the historical background and international environment for the United States to constantly adjust its military strategy and arms construction during this period. From 1945 to 1953, the United States pursued a containment strategy dominated by conventional weapons. Under the domination of this strategy, the United States has greatly strengthened its standing strength in terms of nuclear and conventional arms and is always ready to wage a conventional war with the Soviet Union and its allies. During this period, the United States focused on the development of conventional weapons in arms construction, but also stepped up the development of nuclear weapons. In the aspect of conventional military strength construction, the air force has become an independent service by focusing on the air and light the sea. The unity of military command has also solved a major problem that has been perplexing the American army for a long time. From 1954 to 1969, the United States adopted a deterrence nuclear strategy based on cracking down on each other's cities. During this period, the United States believed that the establishment of a nuclear force that would ensure the destruction of major Soviet cities would be enough to deter the Soviet Union from launching a nuclear raid on the United States. It mainly includes "large-scale revenge" strategy, "flexible response" strategy and "ensure destruction" strategy, although the name and content are different, but the goal is deterrence. During this period, the United States carried out diversified arms construction dominated by conventional weapons, and the Army received attention. By the 1980 s, the United States pursued a "actual combat" nuclear strategy based on attacking each other's military targets. It mainly includes realistic deterrence strategy, limited nuclear deterrence strategy and new flexible response strategy. These strategies are in the contradiction of wanting to maintain nuclear superiority and afraid to fight a nuclear war, and the resulting operational theories are actually carried out around conventional wars. All this affected the arms building of the United States during this period-while developing nuclear forces, paying more attention to the development of conventional forces. At the same time, a series of fruitful reforms have been carried out in the field of national defense management. In a word, after World War II, the most changeable period of American military strategy, however, these military strategies are designed and carried out around their global strategy, and their main contents are as follows: based on the strength of the United States, In line with the overall vision of the US world strategy, the use of US military forces, especially the nuclear armed forces. The cornerstone of American military strategy is nuclear deterrence. This paper attempts to further reveal the reasons why the United States finally won the Cold War through the discussion of American military strategy and arms construction during the Cold War, in order to make up for some shortcomings in today's research.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712.54
【引证文献】
中国博士学位论文全文数据库 前1条
1 杨耕;冷战后国际体系单极主导型权力模式探析[D];吉林大学;2012年
，本文编号：2477606
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