俄国犹太人移居美国研究（1881-1920年）
发布时间：2019-05-18 00:47
【摘要】：本文选取1881年至1920年间涌入美国的俄裔犹太人作为研究对象,充分利用1881年至1920年间美国公开发行的主要犹太人报纸、美国国会的报告等一手资料,运用唯物主义历史观和辩证法,结合社会学方法,对1881年至1920年间俄裔犹太人移民美国的原因以及美国政府所做出的回应进行了考察,并对俄裔犹太人的现代化问题进行深入探讨,揭示俄国犹太人在移民美国之后参与了现代经济分工的状况、走出“隔都”融入城市化的过程、逐步接受世俗化观念的过程以及积极参与政治生活的情况。 本文分为绪论、正文和结论三大部分。正文部分分为五章。第一章解释俄国犹太人移民美国的原因。这方面的分析首先涉及当时美国与俄国两方面的政治经济环境,指出俄国频频发生的针对犹太人的迫害事件是导致俄国犹太人远走他乡的重要推力,同时大西洋两岸的犹太移民机构在俄国犹太人迁徙美国过程中发挥重要作用。这一部分还试图解决的一个问题就是,在导致俄国犹太人迁徙的两个原因——集体迫害和集体贫困——中哪一个才是最重要的,本文指出在俄国犹太人1881年第一次向美国迁徙过程中,集体贫困是最重要原因,但是后来集体迫害成为最主要原因,因为越来越多的俄国犹太人中产阶级加入了移民美国的大潮中。 第二章分析美国政府针对俄国移民到来在政策方面所作的调整。美国政府虽然并没有出台专门针对犹太人群体的移民法案,但是美国的每一次移民政策的调整似乎都跟俄国犹太移民大规模到来有关系。美国1881年移民法、1893年移民法、1903年移民法以及1921年移民法的出台与俄国发生的迫害事件导致大批犹太人外迁在时间上高度一致。整体上看,这一时期的美国移民政策逐渐走向严厉,这与美国当时国内经济大环境密切相关。此时国内边疆开拓已经进入尾声,城市里的劳资矛盾日益突出,在间歇性经济萧条中,移民问题变得异常尖锐,劳工领袖经常在移民问题上大做文章。移民政策的严厉主要表现在移民法中增加许多限制性条款,并加强移民法的执法力度,引起犹太社团领袖的不满。在这一章,本文将着重探讨美国的移民社团领袖在为俄国犹太移民争取权利的过程中所作的种种努力。 第三章探讨俄国犹太人在美国的适应过程。这个部分主要围绕三个方面问题,即经济适应、“隔都”问题和文化适应,展开论述。通过分析,我们可以看出,俄国犹太人通过自身的努力,改变生活状况,打消了美国犹太社会担心他们成为社会慈善负担的疑虑,证明了他们的生存能力不比德裔犹太人差。本文指出,俄国犹太人最初主要从事服装行业和商贩活动,为此他们忍受着血汗工厂的恶劣环境,但在他们攒够足够的资金后,转向了其他更有前途的行业。 “隔都”问题也是美国社会普遍关心的问题。本文对这个问题的分析主要立足于纽约下东区“隔都”的经历之上。纽约“隔都”是美国最大的俄裔犹太人社区,他们选择在“隔都”生存实际上是延续他们在欧洲的生活方式。在这样的环境里,他们感到安全，，因为这里的人多讲意第绪语,而且多信仰犹太教正统派。但是“隔都”的拥挤、肮脏损害了俄裔犹太人的形象,引起老一代美国犹太移民的反感,所以纽约犹太社团为改变这一状况,成立工业转移办公室,鼓励“隔都”里血汗工厂向内陆城镇转移,并为转移提供资金支持,最终成功地将5万俄国犹太人转移出了纽约“隔都”。 文化适应问题也是这一部分内容的关注重点。宗教是文化的核心,所以在探讨文化适应时,本文着重探讨东欧犹太人的宗教信仰的变化。本文指出,在东欧犹太移民大规模到达美国之前,美国犹太人的主体成分是德裔犹太人,他们信仰犹太教改革派。这种信仰受启蒙运动的影响较大,与美国的基督教清教主义非常类似,而东欧犹太人多信仰犹太教正统派。俄国犹太人大规模涌入美国之后发现真正能够维持俄国犹太人过正统信仰生活的设施和场所非常少,纽约的犹太教神学院是为数不多的犹太教正统派布道的讲坛。美国犹太社会的领袖决定给犹太教正统派给予资助,但是这种资助是有前提的,即要求正统派在传教布道的过程中不可过于拘泥于犹太教的传统。这样,正统派与改革派之间达成了某种妥协,其结果就是美国犹太教又出现了另外一个派别,即犹太教保守派,从而形成了当今美国犹太教信仰的格局,即犹太教正统派、改革派和保守派。 第四章着重探讨美国犹太社会权力重新分配的情况。随着俄国犹太人的到来,德裔犹太人占美国犹太社会多数的格局被打破。本文认为,在这个权力交替的过程中,俄裔犹太人代言人布兰代斯起到了关键性作用。布兰代斯成功地利用了犹太复国主义运动以及当时美国的进步主义运动,创立美国犹太人大会,并根据“一人一票”的民主原则,实现了俄裔犹太人对美国犹太事务的掌控。在这一部分,本文还试图分析俄裔犹太人同情犹太复国主义运动的原因,以及德裔犹太人持非复国主义立场的原因,并对双方的辩论进行了史学意义上的再现。 第五章考察了俄裔犹太人的重生及其对美国社会所作出的贡献,指出俄裔犹太人要实现重生,不能仅仅被动地等待美国社会为他们提供法律保障和权利救济,而且还要通过行动积极争取权利。争取到的权利之大小实际上有赖于他们自身对美国社会贡献的多寡。俄裔犹太人为美国社会创造作出诸多贡献,在商业、文学艺术、学术研究、社会活动等领域都涌现出俄裔犹太籍社会精英。此外,本章还指出俄裔犹太人在美国取得成功的最主要原因在于他们对教育的重视以及及早进行人生职业规划。 在结论部分,本文指出,俄裔犹太人通过自身的不断努力,全面融入美国现代经济的大潮之中,思想观念趋向世俗化,政治参与的积极性提高,走出了一条独特的现代化之路,并为美国社会经济的发展做出了贡献。俄裔犹太人在美国社会取得的成功也对犹太民族的未来产生重大影响。他们通过院外游说活动,对美国的国家政策施加影响,最终使美国后来成为支持犹太复国运动的核心力量。
[Abstract]:In this paper, Russian-American Jews who poured into the United States between 1881 and 1920 were used as research objects, and made full use of the main Jewish newspapers published in the United States between 1881 and 1920, the report of the United States Congress, etc., and applied the historical view of materialism and the dialectics, and combined with the method of sociology. The reason of the Russian-American Jewish immigrants in the United States during the period of 1881 to 1920, as well as the response of the United States Government, has been investigated, and the modernization of the Russian-American Jews has been deeply discussed, and it is revealed that the Russian Jews have been involved in the modern economic division of labor after the migration of the United States, Step out of the process of integration of the "all the way" into the process of urbanization, gradually accept the process of secularization and actively participate in the political life. This paper is divided into the introduction, the text and the conclusion. The text is divided into five parts. Chapter I. Interpretation of Russian Jewish Immigrants in the United States The analysis in this respect first involves the political and economic environment of the two aspects of the United States and Russia, and points out that the persecution of the Jews frequently occurred in Russia is an important push for the Russian Jews to go far away. The force, while the Jewish immigration agency on both sides of the Atlantic, plays an important role in the migration of the Russian Jews to the United States One of the problems that is still trying to solve is that, in the two reasons that lead to the movement of the Russian Jews _ the collective persecution and the collective poverty _ which one is the most important, it is pointed out that in the first time in 1881 of the Russian Jews to the United States, collective poverty is the most important Because, however, collective persecution has become the most important cause, as more and more of the Russian Jewish middle classes have joined the spring of the migration of the United States in chap. II, that analysis of the U. S. government's policy towards the arrival of Russian immigrants The U. S. government has not introduced the immigration act specifically for the Jewish population, but every immigration policy in the United States seems to have come to a large scale with the Russian-Jewish immigrants There is a relationship. The Immigration Act of 1881, the Immigration Act of 1893, the Immigration Act of 1903 and the enactment of the Immigration Act of 1921 and the persecution of the Russian Federation have led to a large number of Jewish outings in time As a whole, the U.S. immigration policy in this period is going to be severe, which is closely related to the American economic environment at that time Cut the correlation. At this time, the domestic frontier development has come to an end, the labor contradiction in the city is becoming more and more prominent, in the intermittent economic depression, the migration problem becomes more and more acute, the labor leader is often large in the migration problem The harshness of the immigration policy is to add a number of restrictive provisions in the immigration law and to strengthen the law enforcement of the immigration law, leading to the leader of the Jewish community. In this chapter, the article will focus on the kind of American immigrant community leader in the process of securing the rights of the Russian Jewish immigrants. The third chapter explores Russian Jews in the United States The process of adaptation. This part focuses on three aspects, namely, economic adaptation, "all the way" and cultural adaptation Through the analysis, we can see that the Russian Jews, through their own efforts, to change their living conditions and to reassure the Jewish community of the United States that they have become a social and charitable burden, have proved that their viability is not better than that of Germany. The Jewish difference. This article points out that the Russian Jews are primarily engaged in the clothing industry and the business of vendors, and for that reason, they are suffering from the harsh environment of the sweatshop, but after they have saved enough money, they turn to other more The industry of the future. The "all the way" is also the American society The analysis of this problem is based on the "all the way" 's experience. New York is" the largest of the American-American Jewish communities in the United States, and they choose to live in the same way," in practice, to perpetuate them. The way of life in Europe. In such an environment, they feel safe, because the people here speak more and more The Jewish community in New York, in order to change the situation, set up an industrial transfer office to encourage the "all the way" of sweatshops in the "all the way". The transfer of the inland towns and the support of the transfer, eventually succeeded in transferring the 50,000 Russian Jews to the "all the way" in New York. ". The problem of cultural adaptation is also the same The focus of some content is that religion is the core of culture. Therefore, in the study of cultural adaptation, this paper focuses on the study of the Jews in Eastern Europe. A change in the religious beliefs of a man. It is pointed out that, before the large-scale arrival of Jewish immigrants in Eastern Europe, the principal component of the American Jewish people is German-Jewish, and he The faith is influenced by the Enlightenment of the Enlightenment, which is very similar to the Christian Puritanism in the United States, while Eastern European Jews The Jewish Orthodox Church of many faiths. After the massive influx of Russian Jews into the United States, it has been found that there are very few facilities and places to live in the orthodox faith of the Russian Jews, and the Judaism in New York is a small Jewish state. The pulpit of the orthodoxy. The leader of the American Jewish community decided to grant the synagogue of the synagogue, but it was the precondition that the Orthodox Church should not be too much in the course of a preacher's sermon. The tradition of binding to Judaism. In this way, a kind of compromise has been reached between the Orthodox and the reformist, and the result is that the American Judaism has another faction, the Jewish conservative, to form the pattern of the American Jewish faith, that is, the orthodox of Judaism. Pirates, Reformers and Conservatives. The fourth chapter focuses on the American Jewish community. The redistribution of social power. With the arrival of Russian Jews, German-American Jews account for the United States. The pattern of the majority of the society is broken. The paper is of the view that, in the process of the alternation of power, the Russian-American Jewish voice cloth Landes played a key role. Mr. Brandeus succeeded in using the Zionist movement and the progressive movement of the United States at that time, created the American Jewish Congress and, in accordance with the democratic principles of the "One vote for one person", realized the Russian-American Jewish community. In this part, the author also tries to analyze the reason why the Russian-American Jews sympathize with the Zionist movement, as well as the reasons for the non-Zionist position of the German-American Jews, and to debate the two sides. The fifth chapter examines the rebirth of Russian-American Jews and their contribution to the American society, and points out that the Russian-American Jews are to be reborn, and that they can not only passively wait for the American society to provide them with legal guarantee and right relief. And the right to be actively pursued through action. The size of the right to reach is in fact dependent on him. Russian-American Jews have made many contributions to the American society, and in the fields of commerce, literature and art, academic research, social activities, etc. This chapter also points out that the most important reason for the success of the Russian-American Jews in the United States is their re-education In conclusion, this paper points out that the Russian-American Jews are fully integrated into the tide of the modern economy of the United States through their continuous efforts, and the ideas tend to be secularized and the enthusiasm of political participation is raised. High, out of a unique road of modernization, and To make a contribution to the development of American social and economic development, and the success of the Russian-American Jews in the American society They also have a major impact on the future of the Jewish people. They have influence on the U.S. national policy through an out-of-court lobbying campaign, which eventually led the United States to
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K712.5
本文编号：2479530
[Abstract]:In this paper, Russian-American Jews who poured into the United States between 1881 and 1920 were used as research objects, and made full use of the main Jewish newspapers published in the United States between 1881 and 1920, the report of the United States Congress, etc., and applied the historical view of materialism and the dialectics, and combined with the method of sociology. The reason of the Russian-American Jewish immigrants in the United States during the period of 1881 to 1920, as well as the response of the United States Government, has been investigated, and the modernization of the Russian-American Jews has been deeply discussed, and it is revealed that the Russian Jews have been involved in the modern economic division of labor after the migration of the United States, Step out of the process of integration of the "all the way" into the process of urbanization, gradually accept the process of secularization and actively participate in the political life. This paper is divided into the introduction, the text and the conclusion. The text is divided into five parts. Chapter I. Interpretation of Russian Jewish Immigrants in the United States The analysis in this respect first involves the political and economic environment of the two aspects of the United States and Russia, and points out that the persecution of the Jews frequently occurred in Russia is an important push for the Russian Jews to go far away. The force, while the Jewish immigration agency on both sides of the Atlantic, plays an important role in the migration of the Russian Jews to the United States One of the problems that is still trying to solve is that, in the two reasons that lead to the movement of the Russian Jews _ the collective persecution and the collective poverty _ which one is the most important, it is pointed out that in the first time in 1881 of the Russian Jews to the United States, collective poverty is the most important Because, however, collective persecution has become the most important cause, as more and more of the Russian Jewish middle classes have joined the spring of the migration of the United States in chap. II, that analysis of the U. S. government's policy towards the arrival of Russian immigrants The U. S. government has not introduced the immigration act specifically for the Jewish population, but every immigration policy in the United States seems to have come to a large scale with the Russian-Jewish immigrants There is a relationship. The Immigration Act of 1881, the Immigration Act of 1893, the Immigration Act of 1903 and the enactment of the Immigration Act of 1921 and the persecution of the Russian Federation have led to a large number of Jewish outings in time As a whole, the U.S. immigration policy in this period is going to be severe, which is closely related to the American economic environment at that time Cut the correlation. At this time, the domestic frontier development has come to an end, the labor contradiction in the city is becoming more and more prominent, in the intermittent economic depression, the migration problem becomes more and more acute, the labor leader is often large in the migration problem The harshness of the immigration policy is to add a number of restrictive provisions in the immigration law and to strengthen the law enforcement of the immigration law, leading to the leader of the Jewish community. In this chapter, the article will focus on the kind of American immigrant community leader in the process of securing the rights of the Russian Jewish immigrants. The third chapter explores Russian Jews in the United States The process of adaptation. This part focuses on three aspects, namely, economic adaptation, "all the way" and cultural adaptation Through the analysis, we can see that the Russian Jews, through their own efforts, to change their living conditions and to reassure the Jewish community of the United States that they have become a social and charitable burden, have proved that their viability is not better than that of Germany. The Jewish difference. This article points out that the Russian Jews are primarily engaged in the clothing industry and the business of vendors, and for that reason, they are suffering from the harsh environment of the sweatshop, but after they have saved enough money, they turn to other more The industry of the future. The "all the way" is also the American society The analysis of this problem is based on the "all the way" 's experience. New York is" the largest of the American-American Jewish communities in the United States, and they choose to live in the same way," in practice, to perpetuate them. The way of life in Europe. In such an environment, they feel safe, because the people here speak more and more The Jewish community in New York, in order to change the situation, set up an industrial transfer office to encourage the "all the way" of sweatshops in the "all the way". The transfer of the inland towns and the support of the transfer, eventually succeeded in transferring the 50,000 Russian Jews to the "all the way" in New York. ". The problem of cultural adaptation is also the same The focus of some content is that religion is the core of culture. Therefore, in the study of cultural adaptation, this paper focuses on the study of the Jews in Eastern Europe. A change in the religious beliefs of a man. It is pointed out that, before the large-scale arrival of Jewish immigrants in Eastern Europe, the principal component of the American Jewish people is German-Jewish, and he The faith is influenced by the Enlightenment of the Enlightenment, which is very similar to the Christian Puritanism in the United States, while Eastern European Jews The Jewish Orthodox Church of many faiths. After the massive influx of Russian Jews into the United States, it has been found that there are very few facilities and places to live in the orthodox faith of the Russian Jews, and the Judaism in New York is a small Jewish state. The pulpit of the orthodoxy. The leader of the American Jewish community decided to grant the synagogue of the synagogue, but it was the precondition that the Orthodox Church should not be too much in the course of a preacher's sermon. The tradition of binding to Judaism. In this way, a kind of compromise has been reached between the Orthodox and the reformist, and the result is that the American Judaism has another faction, the Jewish conservative, to form the pattern of the American Jewish faith, that is, the orthodox of Judaism. Pirates, Reformers and Conservatives. The fourth chapter focuses on the American Jewish community. The redistribution of social power. With the arrival of Russian Jews, German-American Jews account for the United States. The pattern of the majority of the society is broken. The paper is of the view that, in the process of the alternation of power, the Russian-American Jewish voice cloth Landes played a key role. Mr. Brandeus succeeded in using the Zionist movement and the progressive movement of the United States at that time, created the American Jewish Congress and, in accordance with the democratic principles of the "One vote for one person", realized the Russian-American Jewish community. In this part, the author also tries to analyze the reason why the Russian-American Jews sympathize with the Zionist movement, as well as the reasons for the non-Zionist position of the German-American Jews, and to debate the two sides. The fifth chapter examines the rebirth of Russian-American Jews and their contribution to the American society, and points out that the Russian-American Jews are to be reborn, and that they can not only passively wait for the American society to provide them with legal guarantee and right relief. And the right to be actively pursued through action. The size of the right to reach is in fact dependent on him. Russian-American Jews have made many contributions to the American society, and in the fields of commerce, literature and art, academic research, social activities, etc. This chapter also points out that the most important reason for the success of the Russian-American Jews in the United States is their re-education In conclusion, this paper points out that the Russian-American Jews are fully integrated into the tide of the modern economy of the United States through their continuous efforts, and the ideas tend to be secularized and the enthusiasm of political participation is raised. High, out of a unique road of modernization, and To make a contribution to the development of American social and economic development, and the success of the Russian-American Jews in the American society They also have a major impact on the future of the Jewish people. They have influence on the U.S. national policy through an out-of-court lobbying campaign, which eventually led the United States to
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K712.5
【参考文献】
中国期刊全文数据库 前3条
1 邓蜀生;美国犹太人同化进程初探[J];世界历史;1989年02期
2 周钢，杨国美;概论美国的移民、民族和种族关系理论[J];史学月刊;1996年03期
3 石涵月;美国历史上反犹主义的宗教文化根源[J];世界民族;2005年05期
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