赫尔德民族文化思想研究

发布时间：2019-05-28 01:43

【摘要】：赫尔德是18世纪晚期德意志最重要的思想家之一,被誉为“文化民族主义之父”,是德国“狂飙突进运动”的先驱。他把在历史中自然形成的文化当作民族的发展链条和民族共同体归属感的来源,是对法国启蒙哲学一元主义的批判。其时,法国文化因为法国在政治、经济上取得的成功而成为世界文明的风向标,引起落后国家和地区的盲目崇拜,这在德意志表现的尤为突出,甚至到了鄙视和否定本民族文化的地步,面对着民族文化的深刻危机,赫尔德开始反思法国启蒙思潮中的众多观念,从历史主义的角度探索民族文化的起源和发展逻辑,为德意志统一寻求出路。关于历史和文化的起源,赫尔德认为人的“悟性”(Besonnenheit)——即人的情感力量与理性思维的有机结合——是人区别于动物的本质属性,是人类文明演进的种子。他认为正是因为人有悟性,所以才有了人类独有的语言、神话、宗教、文学和艺术等文化形式的诞生,这是人类内在力量本能表达的自然结果,也为历史的变迁提供了活的有机力。而且因为不同地区的人在与自然和社会的互动中,自然地形成了各自独特的民族文化形式,因而也就成为各民族特有的属性,也是民族共同体认同感的来源,其价值是任何主观建构的标准都无法评判的。从而否定了启蒙思潮中对绝对的理性力量的信仰,摒弃了他们的机械式进步的历史观、自我中心论的政治民族主义和一元价值论。所以我们说,在反思启蒙哲学的基础上,赫尔德形成了带有极其鲜明的个人特色的文化民族主义思想,即有机的历史主义、文化的民族主义和多元价值论,由此开启了德国浪漫主义先河,引发了欧洲文化思潮中一次重大的思想转向,也为亚非拉等落后地区的民族国家建立提供了思想依据。
[Abstract]:Hurd is one of the most important German thinkers in the late 18th century, known as "the father of cultural nationalism" and the forerunner of the "surge movement" in Germany. He regards the culture formed naturally in history as the development chain of the nation and the source of the sense of belonging of the national community, and is a critique of the monism of French enlightenment philosophy. At that time, French culture became the vane of world civilization because of France's political and economic success, causing blind worship in backward countries and regions, which was particularly prominent in Germany. Even to the point of despising and negating his own national culture, in the face of the profound crisis of national culture, Hurd began to reflect on many ideas in the French enlightenment trend of thought, and to explore the origin and development logic of national culture from the perspective of historicism. Looking for a way out for the reunification of Germany. With regard to the origin of history and culture, Hurd believes that the "understanding" (Besonnenheit) of human beings, that is, the organic combination of human emotional power and rational thinking, is the essential attribute of human beings, which is different from animals, and the seed of the evolution of human civilization. He believes that it is precisely because of human understanding that human beings have the birth of cultural forms such as language, mythology, religion, literature and art, which is the natural result of the instinctive expression of human inner power. It also provides a living organic power for the changes of history. Moreover, in the interaction with nature and society, people in different regions have naturally formed their own unique forms of national culture, which has become the unique attribute of each ethnic group and the source of identity of the national community. Its value can not be judged by any subjective construction standard. Thus, it negates the belief in absolute rational power in the enlightenment trend of thought, abandons their view of history of mechanical progress, the political nationalism and unitary value theory of egocentrism. Therefore, on the basis of reflecting on the philosophy of enlightenment, Hurd formed the thought of cultural nationalism with extremely distinct personal characteristics, that is, organic historicism, cultural nationalism and pluralistic value theory. This opened up the forerunner of German romanticism, triggered an important ideological turn in the trend of thought of European culture, and also provided the ideological basis for the establishment of the nation-state in the backward areas such as Asia, Africa and Latin America.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K516.33

【参考文献】