特纳的“边疆假说”与美国的对外扩张政策（十九世纪末至二十世纪初）
发布时间：2019-06-02 02:22
【摘要】： 弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳(1861-1932),美国近代边疆学派创立人。1893年7月12日,特纳在芝加哥举行的美国历史协会年会上宣读了著名的《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》一文,提出了“边疆假说”。他创立的这一“活动边疆”学说不仅对美国史学研究产生了深远的影响,而且对十九世纪末二十世纪初美国对外扩张政策的制定也起到了重要的作用。因为特纳的假说中贯穿了一种扩张主义思想,宣告美国之向新领土扩张乃美国历史发展的“天定命论”,从而宣称扩张政策是美国过去、现在和将来发展的基本规律。它不仅为美国的扩张主义提供了理论依据,而且也在制造舆论,似乎美国的扩张是正当的和不可避免的,并借对外扩张来缓和国内矛盾。自从十九世纪末,“边疆假说”有哪些发展演变,它对美国对外扩张政策产生了哪些深远的影响,这是本文试图探讨的问题。 本文共分两部分,第一部分讲述理论,即“边疆假说”的内容与其产生的社会历史背景。1890年美国国内“边疆”的消失、1893年的经济危机使其民主和繁荣呈现衰落的趋势、经济的进一步扩张要求为其剩余产品和资金寻找更多的海外市场和更廉价的原料供应等一系列严重的社会问题使美国的国内形势变得日趋严峻。在这种危机形势下,特纳发表了那篇体现其历史哲学观的论文,借以从历史的角度来阐释美国正在发生的一切。扩张、个人主义和民主制度是这位宣扬美国独特性的历史学家在其“边疆假说”中提出的要点。另外一些著名历史学家如布鲁克斯·亚当斯,艾尔弗雷德·T·马汉,威廉·松纳等也纷纷站出来,不断对这一历史上的扩张哲学加以辩护、扩展和引申。 第二部分讲述海外扩张实践。“边疆假说”的创始人和追随者不仅为美国的对外扩张提供了理论依据,而且还协助美国统治集团制定对外扩张政策。深受影响的美国当政人物,如威廉·麦金来,西奥多·罗斯福,伍德罗·威尔逊等不断把这一学说具体运用到对外政策制定当中去。美国的海外扩张不但为了市场和原料,而且为了转移国内经济危机,防止国内发生革命运动,争夺世界工业霸权,成为国际霸主。这种打着“为了传播基督文明、自由和民主”口号的海外扩张既适应美国资本主义经济发展的需要,又迎合了美国历届政府对外扩张政策的需要。 然而,这种危险的扩张哲学遭到越来越多的史学家的批评,如查尔斯·比尔德,理查德·霍夫斯塔特等。赞成与批评这两种截然不同的观点令我们从不同角度了解“边疆假说”及其对美国历史的影响。
[Abstract]:Fredrik Jackson Turner (1861 / 1932), founder of the Modern Frontier School in the United States. July 12, 1893. Turner read out the famous "the importance of Frontier in American History" at the annual meeting of the American History Association in Chicago, and put forward the Frontier hypothesis. The theory of "active frontier" he founded not only had a profound influence on the study of American historiography, but also played an important role in the formulation of American foreign expansion policy at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Because Turner's hypothesis runs through a kind of expansionist thought, proclaiming that the expansion of the United States to the new territory is the "natural destiny theory" of the historical development of the United States, thus claiming that the expansion policy is the basic law of the past, present and future development of the United States. It not only provides a theoretical basis for American expansionism, but also creates public opinion. It seems that the expansion of the United States is legitimate and inevitable, and foreign expansion is used to ease domestic contradictions. Since the end of the 19th century, the development and evolution of the Frontier hypothesis and its far-reaching impact on the foreign expansion policy of the United States are the issues that this paper attempts to explore. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part describes the theory, that is, the content of the Frontier hypothesis and its social and historical background. The disappearance of the "Frontier" in the United States in 1890 and the economic crisis of 1893 made its democracy and prosperity decline. Further economic expansion requires a series of serious social problems, such as finding more overseas markets and cheaper supplies of raw materials for its surplus products and funds, making the domestic situation in the United States more and more serious. In this crisis situation, Turner published a paper reflecting his historical philosophy to explain what is happening in the United States from a historical point of view. Expansion, individualism and democracy are the main points put forward by the historian who preaches American uniqueness in his Frontier hypothesis. Other famous historians, such as Brooks Adams, Alfred T Mahan, William Sonner and so on, have also come forward to defend, expand and extend this historical philosophy of expansion. The second part describes the practice of overseas expansion. The founder and follower of the Frontier hypothesis not only provides a theoretical basis for the foreign expansion of the United States, but also assists the American ruling groups in formulating their foreign expansion policies. Influenced American politicians, such as William Mackinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and so on, continue to apply this theory to foreign policy making. The overseas expansion of the United States is not only for the market and raw materials, but also to transfer the domestic economic crisis, prevent the domestic revolutionary movement, compete for world industrial hegemony, and become the international hegemon. This overseas expansion, under the slogan "in order to spread Christian civilization, freedom and democracy", not only meets the needs of the development of capitalist economy in the United States, but also caters to the needs of the foreign expansion policies of successive American governments. However, this dangerous philosophy of expansion has been criticized by more and more historians, such as Charles Bild, Richard Hofstadt and so on. The two different views of approval and criticism make us understand the Frontier hypothesis and its influence on American history from different angles.
【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.4
本文编号：2490752
[Abstract]:Fredrik Jackson Turner (1861 / 1932), founder of the Modern Frontier School in the United States. July 12, 1893. Turner read out the famous "the importance of Frontier in American History" at the annual meeting of the American History Association in Chicago, and put forward the Frontier hypothesis. The theory of "active frontier" he founded not only had a profound influence on the study of American historiography, but also played an important role in the formulation of American foreign expansion policy at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Because Turner's hypothesis runs through a kind of expansionist thought, proclaiming that the expansion of the United States to the new territory is the "natural destiny theory" of the historical development of the United States, thus claiming that the expansion policy is the basic law of the past, present and future development of the United States. It not only provides a theoretical basis for American expansionism, but also creates public opinion. It seems that the expansion of the United States is legitimate and inevitable, and foreign expansion is used to ease domestic contradictions. Since the end of the 19th century, the development and evolution of the Frontier hypothesis and its far-reaching impact on the foreign expansion policy of the United States are the issues that this paper attempts to explore. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part describes the theory, that is, the content of the Frontier hypothesis and its social and historical background. The disappearance of the "Frontier" in the United States in 1890 and the economic crisis of 1893 made its democracy and prosperity decline. Further economic expansion requires a series of serious social problems, such as finding more overseas markets and cheaper supplies of raw materials for its surplus products and funds, making the domestic situation in the United States more and more serious. In this crisis situation, Turner published a paper reflecting his historical philosophy to explain what is happening in the United States from a historical point of view. Expansion, individualism and democracy are the main points put forward by the historian who preaches American uniqueness in his Frontier hypothesis. Other famous historians, such as Brooks Adams, Alfred T Mahan, William Sonner and so on, have also come forward to defend, expand and extend this historical philosophy of expansion. The second part describes the practice of overseas expansion. The founder and follower of the Frontier hypothesis not only provides a theoretical basis for the foreign expansion of the United States, but also assists the American ruling groups in formulating their foreign expansion policies. Influenced American politicians, such as William Mackinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and so on, continue to apply this theory to foreign policy making. The overseas expansion of the United States is not only for the market and raw materials, but also to transfer the domestic economic crisis, prevent the domestic revolutionary movement, compete for world industrial hegemony, and become the international hegemon. This overseas expansion, under the slogan "in order to spread Christian civilization, freedom and democracy", not only meets the needs of the development of capitalist economy in the United States, but also caters to the needs of the foreign expansion policies of successive American governments. However, this dangerous philosophy of expansion has been criticized by more and more historians, such as Charles Bild, Richard Hofstadt and so on. The two different views of approval and criticism make us understand the Frontier hypothesis and its influence on American history from different angles.
【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.4
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 徐占辉;弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳史学探析[D];江西师范大学;2010年
，本文编号：2490752
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