英国工业革命时期的犹太人

发布时间：2019-07-02 09:23

【摘要】：中世纪英国社会中的犹太人主要从事借贷业。他们受到国王的保护,但也倍受压榨,被称为“皇室的奶牛”。由于宗教和职业,他们被孤立、迫害,最终被驱逐除英国。事实上,犹太人在英国保持一定的连续性。犹太人再次被重新接纳主要是由宗教宽容氛围的形成和千禧年风尚的刺激,重商主义的推动,共和国有利环境下以及克伦威尔和米那西·本·以色列的努力而促成的。工业革命前犹太人口总体是在不断增长。起初塞法迪犹太人口占优势,但最迟至1720年阿什肯纳兹犹太人口超过赛法迪犹太人,并一直延续至今。不论是移民还是本土犹太人一般居住在伦敦东区,但也在向威尔士、苏格兰、城镇扩展。移民中的上层犹太人一般从事金融、进出口贸易、宝石、珊瑚等行业；普通犹太人主要为商贩、旧衣商等；移民中也包括技工、店主、宗教人员、从事小规模贸易的商人和经纪人。犹太人总体上受到的限制较少,但争取使外来商人入籍的《犹太归化法案》最终流产。犹太人在工业革命的大环境下,经过自身努力,由贫穷到富有。这主要体现在犹太中产阶级壮大和职业上的升迁；经济增强推动犹太人的居住区开始变化。经济地位提高、英国政治民主的发展和犹太人自我定位的变化为犹太人开始争取公民权奠定了基础。经过斗争,犹太人获得了公民权。犹太人在经济地位得到改善后,社团内部也相应发生了一些变化。新兴犹太中产阶级或中上层阶级试图建立与自身相适应的“开明”犹太教,要求进行宗教改革。犹太代表委员会依仗英国的帝国地位及犹太人经济政治地位的改善开始参与外交事务拯救受迫害的犹太人。犹太家庭要求中等教育,但进入大学的人仍比较少。受传统影响和要求改善犹太人地位的呼声,犹太社团组织慈善机构,1859年阿什肯纳兹犹太人成立了犹太保护者委员会。犹太人在工业革命这个大环境下,经济、政治和社会地位不断提高,最终获得英国完整的公民权。同时,这一进程不仅体现了少数民族的现代化,而且在定程度上促进了英国的民主化。
[Abstract]:Jews in medieval British society were mainly engaged in borrowing. They were protected by the king, but also squeezed, known as the royal cow. Because of religion and occupation, they were isolated, persecuted and eventually expelled from England. In fact, Jews maintain a certain degree of continuity in England. The re-admission of Jews was mainly driven by the formation of a climate of religious tolerance and millennials, the promotion of mercantilism, the favorable environment of the Republic and the efforts of Cromwell and Minasi Ben Israel. The Jewish population was generally growing before the Industrial Revolution. At first, the Jewish population of Sefadi was dominant, but by 1720 Ashkenaz had overtaken the Jewish population of Sephadi and had continued to this day. Both immigrants and native Jews generally live in the east end of London, but are also expanding to Wales, Scotland and towns. The upper Jews in the immigrants are generally engaged in finance, import and export trade, precious stones, corals and other industries; ordinary Jews are mainly traders, old clothes dealers, etc.; immigrants also include craftsmen, shopowners, religious personnel, businessmen and brokers engaged in small-scale trade. Jews are generally subject to fewer restrictions, but the Jewish Naturalization Act, which seeks to naturalize foreign businessmen, eventually aborts. Jews in the industrial revolution, through their own efforts, from poverty to wealth. This is mainly reflected in the growth of the Jewish middle class and professional promotion; the economic strengthening has driven the change of Jewish settlements. The improvement of economic status, the development of British political democracy and the change of Jewish self-orientation laid the foundation for Jews to fight for citizenship. After a struggle, Jews gained civil rights. After the improvement of Jews' economic status, some changes have taken place within the community. The emerging Jewish middle class or the middle and upper classes try to establish enlightened Judaism suitable for themselves, calling for religious reform. The Jewish Council of Representatives began to participate in foreign affairs to save persecuted Jews by improving Britain's imperial status and Jewish economic and political status. Jewish families require secondary education, but fewer people go to college. Under the influence of tradition and calls for the improvement of Jewish status, the Jewish community organized charities. In 1859, Ashkenaz Jews set up a Jewish protector committee. In the industrial revolution, Jews continued to improve their economic, political and social status, and finally gained complete British citizenship. At the same time, this process not only reflects the modernization of ethnic minorities, but also promotes the democratization of Britain to a certain extent.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K561.43

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