美国对英国经济政策初探（1941-1951）

发布时间：2019-07-02 21:26

【摘要】：同为世界大国的美国和英国,因第二次世界大战的爆发,二者的世界经济地位发生了质的变化。美国成为世界第一经济强国,而英国则沦为名副其实的二流国家。经济实力的差距带来了国际地位的变化,也使美国对英国的经济政策发生了相应地转变。拥有超强经济实力的美国欲在世界格局发生重大变化的敏感时期建立以美国为主导的世界经济新秩序,这与英国传统的货币与贸易政策产生矛盾。美国在英国经济衰退、财政遇到困难之际接连向英国发难,不断利用强势经济外交排挤、打压英国势力。当国际局势发生变化时,在立足新秩序的前提下,美国对英国的经济政策也随之做出调整,侧重以经济援助为诱饵安抚英国。英美关系也在政策调整中发生着变化。全文由绪论、正文、结论三部分组成,其中正文分三个章节: 第一章以美国制定战后国际金融计划为线索,探讨、分析美国为实现布雷顿森林协定的最终签订,对英国开展的经济外交。美国对英国的经济政策以本国利益为中心,以经济实力为后盾,竭力排挤英国势力,从而达到其构建世界金融霸权的目的。在美国对英经济政策的影响下,英国对美国经济的依赖加深,为之后美国利用经济外交手段执英国之牛耳做了铺垫。第二章以二战结束初期英美展开财政与贸易谈判为中心,从背景、内容及影响诸方面,分析这一阶段美国对英经济政策。美国这一时期对英国经济政策的目的是迫使英国接受其多边自由贸易原则及政策。美国乘英国财政危机之时停止租借援助,英美财政协定成为英国能够寻求的唯一出路,英国再度对美国妥协。然而美国提供的财政贷款并没有对英国经济产生多少积极作用,相反,却导致英国财政危机进一步加深。第三章以美苏关系破裂、欧洲经济陷入困境为背景,通过对美国提出马歇尔计划的动机、过程的研究,分析美国对英国经济政策策略的变化。此阶段美国一改前期对英国采取的强硬经济外交政策,变以安抚利诱为主。利用马歇尔计划强化了英国经济对美国的依赖,为美国插手英国内政与外交创造条件,也使英国逐渐变成了美国对抗苏联的工具。结论部分对全文进行了总结。美国在这一时段的对英政策始终围绕着服务于美国建立世界经济霸权的整体目标展开。同时,美国与英国的经济利益纷争事实上反映了国际经济格局变化的历程。本文在吸收前人研究成果的基础上,通过三起重大事件对从二战战时到战后初期美国对英国经济政策进行梳理,揭示美国经济政策的变化如何为其国家利益服务,政策的实施又对英美关系产生了何种影响。
[Abstract]:The United States and Britain, both world powers, have undergone qualitative changes in their world economic status as a result of the outbreak of the second World War. The United States became the world's largest economic power, while Britain became a veritable second-rate country. The gap of economic power has brought about changes in international status, and the economic policy of the United States towards Britain has changed accordingly. The United States, which has super economic strength, wants to establish a new world economic order dominated by the United States in a sensitive period of great changes in the world pattern, which contradicts the traditional monetary and trade policies of the United Kingdom. The United States has been attacking Britain one after another at a time of recession and fiscal difficulties, using strong economic and diplomatic crowding to suppress British power. When the international situation changes, on the premise of based on the new order, the economic policy of the United States towards Britain has also been adjusted, focusing on the use of economic aid as bait to appease Britain. Anglo-American relations are also changing in policy adjustment. The full text is composed of introduction, main body and conclusion, in which the main body is divided into three chapters: the first chapter takes the postwar international financial plan of the United States as a clue, discusses and analyzes the economic diplomacy of the United States to Britain in order to realize the final signing of the Bretton Woods Agreement. The economic policy of the United States towards Britain is centered on its own interests and backed by economic strength, and strives to crowd out British forces so as to achieve its goal of building world financial hegemony. Under the influence of American economic policy towards Britain, Britain's dependence on the American economy has deepened, which paves the way for the United States to use economic diplomacy to hold Britain's ears. The second chapter focuses on the fiscal and trade negotiations between Britain and the United States at the end of World War II, and analyzes the American economic policy towards Britain in this stage from the aspects of background, content and influence. The purpose of American economic policy towards Britain during this period is to force Britain to accept its multilateral free trade principles and policies. The United States stopped loan aid at a time of British fiscal crisis, and the Anglo-American fiscal agreement became the only way out for Britain to find, and Britain once again compromised with the United States. However, the fiscal loans provided by the United States have not had much positive effect on the British economy. On the contrary, they have led to a further deepening of the British fiscal crisis. The third chapter, based on the breakdown of US-Soviet relations and the predicament of European economy, analyzes the changes of American economic policy strategy towards Britain through the study of the motivation and process of the United States to put forward the Marshall Plan. At this stage, the United States changed its tough economic foreign policy towards Britain in the early stage, to appease inducements. Using the Marshall Plan to strengthen the dependence of the British economy on the United States, to create conditions for the United States to intervene in British internal and foreign affairs, and to gradually turn Britain into a tool for the United States to confront the Soviet Union. The conclusion part summarizes the full text. During this period, the policy of the United States towards Britain has always revolved around the overall goal of serving the United States to establish world economic hegemony. At the same time, the dispute of economic interests between the United States and Britain actually reflects the course of changes in the international economic pattern. On the basis of absorbing the previous research results, this paper combs the American economic policy to Britain from the war of World War II to the early postwar through three major events, and reveals how the change of American economic policy serves its national interests and how the implementation of the policy has had an impact on the relationship between Britain and the United States.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：F114;K153

【参考文献】