1938-1939年英国“儿童运输”救援行动探析

发布时间：2019-07-05 18:40

【摘要】：英国“儿童运输”主要是由英国非政府组织在1938年12月到1939年9月实施的一场儿童难民救援行动,救助对象包括德国、奥地利、捷克斯洛伐克、自由城市但泽以及一部分在德的波兰籍儿童难民。20世纪30年代纳粹德国在其势力范围内实施的反犹政策,严重影响了德奥等国儿童的学校、家庭和社会生活,这些儿童需要立刻被转移到其他国家。但此时受到经济危机影响的美国、瑞士以及加拿大等国实施难民限制政策,拒绝向包括儿童难民在内的欧洲难民敞开国门。1938年“水晶之夜”事件发生后,英国政府考虑适当地放宽难民限制政策。在英国非政府组织的请求之下,英国政府决定实施“儿童运输”救援行动。“儿童运输”救援行动分为申请、筛选、转移以及安置几个部分,儿童难民向当地救助组织提出申请,救助组织依据紧急性和适合性原则筛选儿童难民并将其转移到英国,安置在普通家庭、难民旅馆以及培训中心。在不同安置场所的儿童难民的日常生活状况差异性比较大,但都能满足基本的生存需要;同时救助组织让儿童难民接受基础教育以及职业培训,并帮助他们接受中学教育和大学教育;还通过开展各种犹太宗教活动、创立犹太学校等方式帮助犹太儿童难民更多地接触犹太教文化。通过这场救援行动,英国共转移了一万多名儿童难民,挽救了这些儿童的生命,加强了各国救助组织之间的交流与合作并推动了跨教派组织的发展。本文认为,英国政府、英国犹太群体以及救助组织在这次救援行动中的工作虽然存在一定的缺陷和局限性,但1938-1939年英国实施的“儿童运输”仍然是当时最大规模的儿童救援行动之一,彰显了国际人道主义精神。
[Abstract]:The British "transport of children" was mainly carried out by British non-governmental organizations from December 1938 to September 1939, which included Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, the free city of Danze and some Polish child refugees in Germany. The anti-Semitic policy carried out by Nazi Germany in its sphere of influence in the 1930s seriously affected the schools of children in Germany and Austria. In family and social life, these children need to be transferred to other countries immediately. But the United States, Switzerland and Canada, which were affected by the economic crisis, implemented refugee restrictions and refused to open their doors to European refugees, including child refugees. After the Crystal Night incident in 1938, the British government considered properly relaxing the restrictions on refugees. At the request of British non-governmental organizations, the British government decided to implement the "child transport" rescue operation. The "child transport" rescue operation is divided into three parts: application, screening, transfer and resettlement. Child refugees apply to local relief organizations, which screen and transfer child refugees to the United Kingdom according to the principles of urgency and suitability, and place them in ordinary families, refugee hotels and training centers. The daily living conditions of child refugees in different places vary greatly, but they can meet their basic survival needs; at the same time, rescue organizations allow child refugees to receive basic education and vocational training, as well as to help them receive secondary and university education; they also help Jewish child refugees to become more exposed to Jewish culture through various Jewish religious activities and the creation of Jewish schools. Through this rescue operation, Britain has transferred more than 10,000 child refugees, saved the lives of these children, strengthened exchanges and cooperation among rescue organizations in various countries and promoted the development of intersectarian organizations. This paper holds that although the work of the British government, the British Jewish community and the rescue organizations in this rescue operation has some defects and limitations, the "child transport" carried out in the United Kingdom from 1938 to 1939 is still one of the largest child rescue operations at that time, which shows the spirit of international humanitarianism.
【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K561.45

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