美国镀金时代滥用童工的思想因素

发布时间：2024-02-02 13:00

　　美国重建后至19世纪末,经历了由传统农业社会向现代工业社会转变的社会转型期,这一时期也被称为“镀金时代”(1865-1898)。而在这一时期占统治地位的思想体系则是自由放任思想和社会达尔文主义,它反映到美国政府的社会经济政策上就是自由放任政策。尽管该政策促进了社会经济的迅速发展,但是在经济空前繁荣的同时,各种社会问题日趋凸显,其中童工滥用问题则是当时亟待解决的社会问题。对于童工滥用的原因,很多学者从经济角度出发,认为工业化和城市化进程导致劳工短缺,儿童便成为了劳动力的主要来源。部分学者从宗教角度出发认为,童工的滥用是受到当时清教徒思想的影响,认为儿童就应该劳动,劳动可以克服懒惰,并且还可以使儿童在劳动过程中培养自律的行为习惯和得到良好的教育。然而笔者认为,除了经济和宗教等因素外,思想因素,特别是社会达尔文主义和自由放任主义思潮也是造成镀金时代童工滥用的原因。因此,本文在简要回顾童工滥用的经济、历史等原因的基础上,从思想的角度,探讨社会达尔文主义与自由放任主义对于政府在童工的管理和执法,司法界对于童工案件审理,以及雇者剥削童工等方面的影响。由于内战后至19世纪晚期,自由放任主义、社会达尔...

【文章页数】：71 页

【学位级别】：硕士

【文章目录】：
摘要
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Chapter One The Child Labor and Ideological Factors
    1.1 Ideological Factors of the Child Labor prior to the Civil War
        1.1.1 American puritan ethic about child labor
        1.1.2 American agrarian value about child labor
    1.2 The Ideological Factors of Child Labor during the Gilded Age
    1.3 The Mainstream Thoughts of the Society during the Gilded Age
        1.3.1 The connotation of laissez-faire doctrine
        1.3.2 The Connotation of American Social Darwinist Thought
Chapter Two Social Darwinism & Laissez-faire Doctrine andLoose Implementation of Government Regulation
    2.1 The Ineffectual Implementation of Child Labor Laws
        2.1.1 Lack of federal child labor law
        2.1.2 The loopholes in child labor law
    2.2 The Governmental Lax Regulation of Child Labor
        2.2.1 The misconduct of officials
        2.2.2 The ineffectual factory inspection
Chapter Three Social Darwinism & Laissez-faire Doctrine and the Injusticeof the Supreme Court
    3.1 Judges in the Supreme Court in Favor of Social Darwinism & Laissez-faire Doctrine
    3.2 The Supreme Court Adhering to Non-federal Interference in State Laws
    3.3 The Supreme Court Abiding by the Due Process of Law Doctrine
        3.3.1 Protecting the liberty of contract
        3.3.2 Protecting property right
Chapter Four Social Darwinism& Laissez-faire Doctrine and theMaltreatment of the Child Labor in Industry
    4.1 Employers Advocating Social Darwinism & Laissez-faire Doctrine
        4.1.1 Robber barons fervent for social Darwinism & Laissez-faireDoctrine
        4.1.2 Capitalists advocating free competition and free trade in economicmarket
        4.1.3 Representatives of trade guilds in favor of social Darwinism&laissez-faire
    4.2 Children Stimulated by the Idea of Self-reliance
        4.2.1 The public boosting self-reliance
        4.2.2 Children themselves stimulated by rags-to-rich stories
Conclusion
Works Cited



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