秦国富强及东并六国之地理环境条件研究

发布时间：2017-12-31 22:18

本文关键词：秦国富强及东并六国之地理环境条件研究　出处：《吉林大学》2004年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：秦国能够走向富强、统一古代中国，商鞅变法无疑是主因。但是，还有一个因素也很重要，即秦国国土有良好的地理条件。探讨这一问题，有助于复原历史的真实面貌，并弥补当代历史研究的不足。地理环境是人类社会周围的自然界的总称。自古至今，中外的思想家、学者们一直热衷于讨论地理环境在人类社会发展中的作用，并且作出过丰富的论述。中国古代人发现了经济、军事活动以及文化与地理条件之间有密切的联系，西方人提出了形形色色的地理环境决定理论。马克思主义认为，地理环境在人类社会的演进、变化中的作用是客观存在，不能否认的。当然，需要强调说明的是，这种作用是非决定性的，社会进步的决定力量是而且只能是生产方式。地理环境的作用在很多方面表现出来，在本文中应该特别关注的是：地理环境能够加速或者延缓历史的前进，使不同的国家、民族的发展产生不平衡。在文明时代早期生产力水平相对较低的状态下，地理环境的影响力较之于后世更为强大。秦起初只是周的附庸，在陇山以西为王室牧马，势力微弱。等到周平王东迁，秦因为护送有功，才得到了一个诸侯的空头衔。在这之后，秦人翻越陇山进入关中平原，驱逐戎人，逐步占领周的旧地，赢得了一片属于自己的生存空间。到了一代雄主秦穆公统治时期，秦基本上征服了整个关中，把国境线向东推进到了黄河与华山一线。然而，接下来的三百多年离，秦受阻于长期称霸的晋国，一直徘徊在狭小的关中，无法东进。战国初期，一方面由于近邻魏国强盛，另外一方面也由于秦国内部变乱频生，国力削弱，秦国的疆域严重收缩，东部边界西退至洛河，形 WP=76 势危殆。至献公、孝公之时，秦国国势重新振作，遂大举反击，通过多年的战争努力，收复了全部失地，并继续东出，从韩、魏两国手中抢夺地盘，建立了进军中原的前哨基地。惠文王时，秦正确决策，吞并了富饶的巴蜀（即今天四川省东部），国土面积大大增加，国家实力得到进一步加强。以后的历代秦王，沿袭了秦人一贯的东侵政策，至秦王政时，终于灭亡六国、一统天下。秦国位于当时华夏文明区的西北角落，西、北、南三个方向上都是落后的异族，没有强敌，只有东方一面朝向中原诸侯。因此，秦国既能够向西北南三面开拓领地，扩充力量，又不用担心陷入四面受敌的险恶局面，既易于防御、保护自身，亦便于主动攻击敌人。后来并入秦国的巴蜀，同样位居文明区的边缘地带，一面临敌，又从侧翼威胁楚国，成为秦攻击楚的依托。秦国国土绝大部分处于我国的第二级地势阶梯之上，对东方各国取居高临下之势，进攻便利，防御为易。秦国疆土的核心区关中古称“四塞之国”，东有黄河中游河道，东南是华山和商洛山，南为高峻横亘的秦岭，西有陇山，北为黄土高原，形如一座天然城堡。秦国的对外交通全靠山河之间为数不多的几条通路。这些道路上战国时又设立关塞控扼。秦国境外的敌人极难攻入关中内地，秦则可以安稳地发展生产积聚力量，即便是国内有变乱发生，也不至于为外敌所乘；同时还能够窥伺东方，寻找战机主动出击。巴蜀所在的四川是典型的盆地地形，，周围崇山峻岭层层环绕，惟有长江三峡一途通往江汉平原，也是易守难攻的地区。秦国有多座具巨大军事价值的关塞。函谷关地处险要，掌握着秦出入中原的通路。春秋时期，晋国抢先一步占领了这里，遂将秦阻挡于中原之外，使秦无法参与竞霸活动。战国时期，函谷关为秦所有。东方六 WP=77 强国五度组织合纵联军攻秦，其中四次被挡在函谷关城下。秦略地中原，亦主要由此东进。武关，据守着秦国的东南门户，同时还是压迫楚国的一座重要基地。大散关，守护关中西南大门，保卫着秦的大后方。关中和巴蜀是秦的两块主要农业区。这两个地区，平原广阔、土壤肥沃，河流湖泊众多，水资源丰富，战国时秦人并利用天然水网兴建了著名水利工程郑国渠和都江堰；两地当时的气候也比现代温暖而湿润。同时关中和巴蜀还有悠久的农耕传统。因此，秦国农业高度发达，粮食产量巨大。秦国的陇西（今甘肃省东部）、北地、上郡（今陕西省北部及宁夏部分地区）及巴蜀的山地、丘陵，有大面积的草场，加以秦人在历史上就擅长养马，以是牧业繁荣，盛产良种马。秦国境内还拥有丰富的森林和矿产资源。优良的地理基础，有利于秦国发展经济，为秦的对外战争提供了坚实的后勤保障。秦国因地理位置偏西，与戎人接触密切，而且国民中融合有大量戎人，故深受戎人影响，民风勇敢强悍，喜战斗，功利进取务实。这种群体性格，为秦国的变法图强，秦国军队的骁勇善战，准备了文化上的便利与保证。秦国国土拥有的优越的地理条件，使秦得以在列国间激烈、残酷的竞争中生存下来，并逐渐走向富强；也是秦最终东灭六国、混一天下的前提和必要性的客观物质保障。
[Abstract]:Qin is able to move towards prosperity and unity. It is doubtless the main cause of Shang Yang's reform in ancient China. However, another factor is also important, that is, the land of Qin has good geographical conditions. Probing into this problem helps to restore the true face of history and make up for the shortage of contemporary historical research.
The geographical environment refers to human society around nature. Since ancient times, Chinese and foreign thinkers, scholars have been keen to discuss the geographic environment in the development of human society, and made a rich discussion. Chinese ancient people discovered the economy, there is a strong relationship between military activities and cultural and geographical conditions, Westerners put forward the geographical environment of every hue determination theory. In Marx's view, the evolution of geographical environment in the human society, the role of change is an objective existence, cannot be denied. Of course, need to emphasize is that this role is not decisive, decisive force of social progress is the only way of production. The role of geographical environment in many ways, in this paper should be of particular concern is that geographical environment can accelerate or delay the advance of history, so that different countries, ethnic hair The exhibition produced is not balanced. In the early productivity of civilization is relatively low under the condition, the influence of geographical environment in the future is more powerful.
A Qin Qichu just weeks, in the west of the royal family in the Wrangler, weak. Wait until the week Qin King moved, because the escort meritorious, got a vassal of the short title. After this, the Qin people climb into in the Guanzhong Plain, from Rong, and gradually occupied the week old, won one of their own living space. The generation of male owners during the reign of the king of Qin, basically conquered the whole Guanzhong, the border eastwards to the Yellow River and Huashan line. However, the next more than 300 years from the Qin Dynasty, the Jin is hampered by the long domination, a straight to the East in the narrow wandering in.
On the one hand, in the early days of the Warring States, on the one hand, due to the prosperity of the neighboring Wei Guoqiang, on the other hand, due to the frequent internal turmoil and the weakening of the national power, the territory of the Qin Kingdom was severely contracted, and the eastern boundary went west to the Luohe River.
WP=76
Potential. To offer the public in public, filial piety, Qin was again, then back on a large scale, through the years of the war effort, recovered all the lost ground, and to the East, from the Han Wei, two hands snatch site, built into the Central Plains outpost. Wang Hui, Qin Zhengque decision, the annexation of the rich Bashu (now the eastern part of Sichuan province), land area is greatly increased, the national strength has been further strengthened. Later dynasties Qin, Qin people always followed the invasion policy to the Qin Dynasty, finally the demise of six countries dominate the world.
The northwest corner, at the time of Qin Chinese civilization zone of the west, North and South three directions are behind the alien, no enemies, only the east side towards the state of Qin. Therefore, can to the northwest South three pioneering territory, expand the force, and do not worry about the dangerous situation in four sides by the enemy, it is easy to defense, to protect themselves, but also to facilitate the initiative to attack the enemy. Later incorporated into the Qin Shu, also ranked the civilization area on the edge of a face from the enemy, and the threat of flank attack Chu Chu, Qin became relying on.
The land is mostly in a on the second ladder of Chinese terrain, convenient to attack Eastern countries take down force, defense for easy. The core area of Guanzhong ancient Qin territory is called "four plug in the East, the middle reaches of the Yellow River River, Southeast Huashan and Shangluo mountain, the south is high across the Qinling Mountains. In the west, north of the Loess Plateau, shaped like a natural castle. Qin's traffic on several paths are few. The roads in the Warring States period and the establishment of Fort Konge. The outside enemy is extremely difficult to scored off the mainland, Qin could develop production safely accumulate power even there are accidents, not riding for foreign enemies; but also on the East, looking for fighters to take the initiative. Sichuan is located in Sichuan basin is typical of the surrounding terrain, high mountains and lofty hills surrounded by layers, only one way to the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River The Jianghan Plain is also an area that is easy to keep and difficult to attack.
There are many Qin seat with a huge military value of the fort. Fort is located. It holds the entry pathway Qin Central Plains. During the spring and Autumn period, the first step to occupy here, then stop Qin in the Central Plains, the Qin Dynasty can not participate in competitive activities. PA during the Warring States period, Qin Hanguguan Oriental six all.
WP=77
Power five degrees vertical organization coalition attack Qin, four of which were blocked in Hanguguan city. Qin slightly to the Central Plains, which is mainly east. Wu Guan Qin, guarding the gateway to the southeast, an important base and oppression. Free Chu, guardian of Guanzhong southwest gate guard Qin's rear.
Sichuan is Guanzhong and two major agricultural areas of Qin. These two areas, a vast plain, fertile soil and numerous lakes and rivers, rich in water resources, the Warring States Qin and the use of natural water network construction of the famous water conservancy project of Zheng Guoqu and Dujiangyan; the two climate could have been warm and moist. At the same time and Guanzhong and Sichuan a long agrarian tradition. Therefore, the highly developed agriculture, grain production is huge. The Qin Longxi (now in Gansu Province, North East), county (now Shaanxi province and northern part of Ningxia mountain, and Sichuan Hills), a large area of grassland, Qin people to be good with horses in history in animal husbandry, is rich in prosperity, thoroughbred horses. The territory also has rich forest and mineral resources. Excellent geographical basis, is conducive to the development of economy, provide a solid guarantee for the logistics of Qin foreign war.
The location for the west, close contact with the people and the national fusion Rong, there are a lot of people so by Rong Rong, influence, folk doughty, like fighting, utilitarian enterprising pragmatic. This character, the 1898, the Qin army troops, to ensure the convenience and culture.
The land has superior geographical conditions, the Qin to fierce among the nations, to survive in the cruel competition, and gradually towards prosperity; and finally Qin East out of the six countries, mixed the world and the necessity of the premise of the material guarantee.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K231

【引证文献】