明清时期扬州下层小民经济生活研究

发布时间：2018-01-02 17:46

本文关键词：明清时期扬州下层小民经济生活研究　出处：《陕西师范大学》2006年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：明清时期，扬州地区在“漕、河、盐”三大利的促动下，经济得到飞越发展，到康乾时期达致全盛，成为淮南一大名郡。扬州成为家喻户晓，世人向往之所。诗词笔记、近人研究中对扬州之富也是极力称赞。然而，笔者认为，扬州繁华以盐盛，盐业为其支柱产业。而盐业的资源型特点，加以政府的控制与巨贾的垄断，使得小民很难涉入其间，盐利为盐商独据。同时，盐业贸易的地域性，自然会使盐销区与非盐区经济存在一定落差。所以，扬州之富应该带有极大的局限性，应是盐区之“富”与盐商之“富”。但在前人的研究中少有提及。普通小民的经济生活状况既是地区经济衡量的重要标准，也是剖析经济盛衰的重要依据，学术界对下层的研究也日渐重视。更好的了解明清扬州经济状况，解释其“昙花一现”的繁华，就必须将触角伸向下层。但这方面的研究却凤毛麟角。所以，笔者拟就本题作一尝试。为更清晰地展现扬州的经济全貌，笔者突破狭隘扬州的界限，以大扬州作为研究范围，全文分为以下几个部分：一、明清时期扬州地区的发展概况。笔者以时间为线，大致疏理了扬地的盛衰经过，突出其以盐盛的发展特点。盐业造就了一批豪商富贾，盐利在商贾奢侈性消费中泄至下层，从而形成万业兴盛的华丽外表。这种经济特色影响着域内小民的生活：首先，畸形消费形成的生存空间，引发了小民的末业情结，南区出现“喜商贾，不事农”的择业趋向；其次，华而不实的经济形态，增添了小民的谋生风险，商资一旦抽空小民将生计顿失，无所依赖；再次，“富”的地域限制，造成南北两区谋生的差异，呈现务农与从末两种形态。二、扬州北部地区的小民生活。府城之富未能慧及北区，小民以农耕为主。明初，政策优厚、天时适宜，小民虽不富足，却也能维持基本生活。嘉、隆之后，天灾频发，农田荒芜，小民流离失所，生活惟艰。恋土情结与求生欲望的双重作用，形成了留守与逃亡两种方式，，但二者生活境况都很悲惨。三、扬州南部地区的小民生活。南部为盐销区，商贾糜集，奢靡生活形成庞大消费需求。末业生涯为其主流，小民趋之若骛。然而，除少数得以致富外，大多小民仅得以糊口。部分土著仍坚守农耕生活，在去除租税及一岁所费后，他们往往入不敷出，生活艰苦，是称“土著无人不穷困”。
[Abstract]:During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Yangzhou was promoted by the three great interests of "Caohe, River and Salt", and the economy developed over the border, and by the period of Kang and Qian, Yangzhou became a famous county in Huainan, and Yangzhou became a household name. The world yearned for the place. Poetry notes, in the modern study of Yangzhou rich is also highly praised. However, the author believes that Yangzhou prosperous salt, salt industry as its pillar industry, and salt industry resource characteristics. Under the control of the government and the monopoly of Giant Jia, it is very difficult for the small people to get involved in the process, and the salt profit is dominated by the salt merchants. At the same time, the regional nature of the salt trade will naturally make the salt marketing areas and the non-salt areas have certain economic differences. The wealth of Yangzhou should have great limitations, it should be "rich" in salt area and "rich" in salt merchant. However, it is seldom mentioned in previous studies. The economic living condition of ordinary people is an important standard of regional economic measurement. It is also an important basis for the analysis of economic prosperity and decline, and the academic circles pay more and more attention to the study of the lower levels. A better understanding of the economic situation of Yangzhou in the Ming and Qing dynasties explains the prosperity of its "flash in the pan". It is necessary to extend the antennae to the lower layer, but the research in this field is rare. Therefore, the author intends to make an attempt on this topic. In order to show Yangzhou's overall economic picture more clearly, the author breaks through the narrow boundary of Yangzhou and takes Dayang as the research scope. The full text is divided into the following parts: First, the development of Yangzhou during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The author took time as a line, roughly dredge the rise and fall of Yangdi, highlight its characteristics of salt development. Salt industry has created a group of rich merchants. Salt benefit in the luxury consumption of merchants to the lower level, thus forming the magnificent appearance of the prosperity of ten thousand industries. This economic characteristic affects the life of small people in the region: first, the existence space formed by abnormal consumption. Led to the end of the complex of small people, the Southern District appeared "happy merchants, not farming" the trend of career selection; Secondly, the flamboyant economic form has increased the livelihood risk of the small people. Once the business capital takes time, the small people will lose their livelihood and have no reliance on it. Thirdly, the regional restriction of "rich" resulted in the difference between the north and south regions, which presented the last two forms of farming and following. Second, the small people living in the northern part of Yangzhou. The wealth of Fucheng is not as wise as the North District, and the small people are mainly farming. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the policy was good, and the weather was suitable. Although the young people were not rich, they could also maintain their basic living. Since then, natural disasters have occurred frequently, farmland has been deserted, people have been displaced and their lives have been difficult. The dual function of love for earth and desire for survival has formed two ways of staying behind and escaping, but the living conditions of both of them are very miserable. Third, the small people's life in southern Yangzhou. The south is the salt sale area, the merchants gather, the extravagant life forms the huge consumption demand. The late career is its main stream, the small people tend to concentrate on it. However. Except for a few who have become rich, most of the young people are only able to make ends meet. Some aborigines still stick to their farming lives. After removing taxes and expenses for one year, they often live beyond their means and lead a hard life, saying that "no aborigines are without poverty."
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】