两宋都城的用水及水源卫生

发布时间：2018-01-03 16:42

本文关键词：两宋都城的用水及水源卫生　出处：《河北大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：水源是城市选址和繁荣的重要考虑因素,傍水建城,自古而然。特别是定都选址时水源问题尤显突出,其中除了“风水地脉”的封建思想外,必定还有战略、经济等诸方面的考虑。两宋都城的水系分布广泛、水量充足,具备对城市的较强承载能力。有宋一代,自太祖建国至徽、钦二帝“北狩”,自偏安江南一隅至最终被蒙古铁骑踏占,三百余年的时间里,一直奉行守内虚外、重文抑武的政治军事政策,社会环境相对平稳。良好充足的水源和相对安定的社会环境共同促进了经济发展,造就了北宋东京开封“八荒争凑,万国咸通”和南宋临安“最为富丽名贵”的繁盛景象。但随着人口激增和环境污染的加剧,水供应紧张和水质下降对都城发展的制约影响也日益明显。开封和临安鼎盛时期人口都逾百万,无论生活还是商业区都是屋宇连接、鳞次栉比、街道狭小、巷陌壅塞,人口的数量、密度对水源的承载能力造成压力。而两城一些用水量大,污染重的手工业(如染织业、造纸业等)相对集中,总体规模较大,针对水源的供应及清洁均长生新的问题。对此,两宋政府采取了更为完备和先进的水源供排和养护措施。供水方面包括开渠(河道)引水入城、凿井(地下水井和地表水井)取水、水柜蓄水和人力供水,比较有特点的是地表水井、水柜的设立和供水服务行业的兴起,使两都城在进一步城市化、人口密度不断加大的情况下依然有充足的水供应：排水方面,网络布局趋于完善,特别是地下排水管道的铺设几与现代城市无二,使城区“无所壅遏、都人赖之”。较先进得力的供排水方式,保证了城区的清水入、浊水出,保障了城市功能的正常运转。只是,由于客观和人为的多方原因,两宋都城水源卫生总体状况是不断恶化的。河道淤塞,水质下降以至影响居民生活和身体健康等问题在文献中颇有记载。这些问题在一定程度上阻碍了城市的进一步发展,至于两城特别是开封的衰落与此也不无关系。
[Abstract]:Water source is the important consideration factor of city location and prosperity. The water source problem is especially prominent when the city is built near the water city, especially when the fixed capital is located. In addition to the feudal thought of "feng shui and local vein", there must be a strategy. The water system of the capital of the two Song dynasties is widely distributed, the water quantity is sufficient, and it has a strong bearing capacity to the city. The Song Dynasty, from the founding of the Taizu to the Emblem, the two emperors of the Qin Dynasty "Bei Shou", from the southern corner of the Yangtze River to being finally occupied by the Mongol Iron Ride, for more than 300 years, has been pursuing a political-military policy of defending the inside and outside, emphasizing the article and suppressing the armed forces. The social environment was relatively stable. Good and sufficient water and relatively stable social environment promoted the economic development together, and brought up the "eight famine disputes" in Kaifeng of the Northern Song Dynasty. The flourishing scene of Xiantong and Lin'an in Southern Song Dynasty. However, with the rapid increase of population and environmental pollution, the impact of water supply and water quality decline on the development of the capital has become increasingly evident. The population of Kaifeng and Lin'an were more than one million at their heyday. Both living and commercial districts are connected by buildings, with narrow streets, clogged alleys, population and density that put pressure on the capacity of the water supply. Some of the cities use a lot of water. The heavily polluted handicraft industry (such as dyeing and weaving industry, paper industry, etc.) is relatively concentrated, and the overall scale is large, aiming at the new problems of water supply and cleanliness. The governments of the Song and Song dynasties adopted more complete and advanced water supply and conservation measures. The water supply includes opening channels (river courses) to the city, sinking wells (subsurface wells and surface water wells), storing water in water tanks and supplying water by manpower. More characteristic is surface water wells, the establishment of water cabinets and the rise of water supply services industry, so that the two cities in the further urbanization, population density continues to increase in the case of adequate water supply: drainage. The network layout tends to be perfect, especially the laying of underground drainage pipes is no different from that of modern cities, which makes the urban areas "without any obstruction, all people rely on them". The more advanced and effective way of water supply and drainage ensures the clear water flow into the urban areas. Turbidity water out, to ensure the normal operation of urban functions. However, due to objective and man-made reasons, the overall situation of water sanitation in the capital of the two Song dynasties is deteriorating. The decline of water quality and the impact on residents' life and health are well documented in the literature. These problems hinder the further development of the city to a certain extent. As for the decline of the two cities, especially Kaifeng, and this is not unrelated.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F426.91;K244

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