“因俗而治”—《钦定回疆则例》评析

发布时间：2018-01-05 02:18

本文关键词：“因俗而治”—《钦定回疆则例》评析　出处：《新疆大学》2004年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：鉴于民族、宗教及社会历史文化同中原地区的迥异，清政府在回疆逐步建立起一套特殊的法律体系。即在遵循国家法制统一的大前提下,根据回疆地区的民族风情、宗教信仰、生活习俗及经济文化的实际现状,一方面将大清法律政令注入回疆旧有法律体系中,另一方面则有条件地认可、保留了该地长期奉行不辍的习俗惯例和宗教信仰。嘉庆十六年,理藩院奉旨编纂了适用回疆地区的民族法规——《回疆则例》。并下令“刷印颁发回疆等处,永远遵行。”《回例》共8卷，134条，集中体现了清朝统治者确立的因俗因地制宜原则,也使回疆法文化与大清法文化之间找到了整合纽带。首先,《回例》以法律形式规定了回疆的基本政治制度——以伊犁将军、各领队大臣和都统辖领各城伯克的“军府制”。各城由大小伯克具体治理,但涉及税收、司法、与蒙古关系等事务均须向将军、大臣报告。在此应当注意的是,《回例》保留、认可了回疆地区原有的伯克制度。其次,详细规定了各城伯克的设置、职掌、品秩、编制、升迁、回避、休致、年班、朝贡等项事宜。第三《回例》详细规定了回疆地区的税制、钱法、赋税、贸易、驻军等各项管理条例。最后,《回例》对回疆地区的宗教管理制度和刑事案件的管辖制度也作了很少的规定，明确规定保护回疆地区穆斯林的伊斯兰宗教信仰,但又控制教会,不使其干预政务。本文以大量的篇幅详细地介绍了《回例》的内容及其特点，从《回例》的内容可以看出:它确实是一部体现因俗因地制宜原则的综合性民族法规,是回疆法文化和大清法文化高度交融、整合的结晶。因俗因地制宜地表现了清政府民族宗教政策的宽容性和务实性。《回例》集中体现了清朝边疆政策的“因俗而治”的特点，从当时的社会状况和历史发展趋势看，基本上符合当时历史发展的要求，对于加强边疆少数民族对中央政府的向心力，稳定边疆的政局，维护清朝多民族国 WP=3 家的统一，都起到了积极的作用。但是，在封建制度下，《回例》也有其历史局限性，它是维护以满族贵族为首的封建国家及各少数民族上层的利益，其中典型的带有民族隔离特点的政策就严重阻碍了社会的经济、文化的交流和发展。民族立法是多民族国家调整国内民族关系、管理民族事务的普遍而又重要的方式。新中国成立以后，我国民族法制建设也经历了一个曲折发展的历史过程，在当今建设社会主义法治国家的进程中，在实施西部大开发的有利契机下，如何加快民族立法步伐，提高民族立法的质量和效率，建立健全有中国特色的法律体系更显的重要和紧迫。
[Abstract]:In view of different ethnic, religious and social history culture and the Central Plains region, Xinjiang in the Qing government gradually established a special legal system. That is under the premise of follow the unity of the national legal system, according to border areas, ethnic customs, religious beliefs, customs and the actual status of the economy, on the one hand the injection of Xinjiang old law decrees in the legal system, on the other hand, conditionally approved, retained the long-standing Buchuo conventions and religious beliefs.
Jiaqing sixteen years later, the compilation of Xinjiang for disaster area of the national laws and regulations, rules and ordered. < Xinjiang "shuayin issued Xinjiang etc., always do." < > to cases of a total of 8 volumes, 134, embodies the rulers of the Qing Dynasty established by custom principle, to find the integration link between Xinjiang law culture and law culture of Qing Dynasty. First, < > to cases in the form of legal provisions of the Xinjiang's basic political system -- Taking Yili general, the leader of the minister and all over the cities of Burke led the "military government". The city by the size of Burke specific governance, but involving tax, judicial. Relations with Mongolia affairs shall be to the general secretary. In this report, it should be noted that the "back to back > cases retained, Burke recognized the original system of Xinjiang area. Secondly, the detailed provisions of the cities of Burke, duties, rank, planning, promotion, avoidance, Hugh, class, tribute etc. Third cases of back issues. < > the detailed provisions of the Huijiang tax money, tax, trade, and other management regulations of the garrison. Finally, < > on the back case jurisdiction system Huijiang religious management system and criminal cases also made a few provisions, clear provisions on the protection of Huijiang Muslims the Islamic religion, but not to control the church, government intervention. Based on a lot of space in detail the contents and characteristics of < > < return cases, from the back to the case > content can be seen: it is an embodiment of comprehensive national customs regulations for the principle of local conditions, is the legal culture of Xinjiang and in law culture integration, integration and crystallization. Due to popular local shows the tolerance and pragmatism of Qing Government Ethnic and religious policies.
< > cases back to embody the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty frontier policy "rule by custom", from the time of the social situation and historical development trend, basically meet the requirement of the development of history, to strengthen the frontier minority of the central government's centripetal force, stable frontier politics, maintain multi-ethnic country in Qing Dynasty
WP=3
Family reunification, has played a positive role. However, in the feudal system, "the example > has its historical limitations, it is to maintain the feudal state in Manchu led and the minority higher interests, the typical characteristics of the policy of ethnic segregation has seriously hindered the social economic and cultural exchanges and development.
National legislation is a multi nationality country to adjust domestic ethnic relations, ethnic affairs management of common and important way. After the new China established national legal system construction in our country has experienced a tortuous historical process, in the construction of a socialist country ruled by law, the favorable opportunity of the implementation of western development, how to speed up national legislation and national legislation to improve the quality and efficiency, establish a sound legal system has Chinese characteristics more important and urgent.

【学位授予单位】：新疆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K249

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