春秋战国之际的士人

发布时间：2018-01-15 02:24

本文关键词：春秋战国之际的士人　出处：《天津师范大学》2007年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 中国文化自成一独特的体系，而士人担负着继承和光大中国传统文化的重任。从孔子开始，中国“士”的传统至少已经延续了两千五百多年，而且流风余韵至今未绝。“士”在中国史上的作用和演变是一个非常复杂的现象，决不是任何单一的观点所能充分说明的。本文管窥锥指，主要对春秋战国之际的士人进行探讨研究，因为春秋战国之际是新兴士人走向历史舞台的关键时期，这一时期的士人，比之其他历史时期的士人，更加复杂。 “士”的传统虽然在中国已经延续了两千五百多年，但是这一传统并不是一成不变的。应该说，“士”是随着中国历史各个阶段的发展而以不同的面貌出现。本文拟从春秋战国之际这一特定时期的横断面上对士人进行研究。春秋战国之际是新兴士人崛起时期，这一时期的士人还处于未成熟阶段，在各个方面都与战国时期以及后来的士人有着很大的差异。在这一时期，无论是在传统士人的内部，还是在新兴的士人阶层，其主要特征是流动性增强，社会各个阶层不断赋予“士”新的含义，“士”的含义也处于不断的变化之中。在这一时期，新兴士人的整体地位还很低下，还没有被社会广泛接受，但处于历史的上升趋势。他们所从事的职业虽然千差万别，但以知识技能为主要手段，表现在从政、讲学、从商与务农等方面，其生存状态为后世知识分子开创了先河。由于生产力的发展，当时的人对“天”、“君主”、“宗法”的认识都有所提高，新兴士人脱离宗法制度，开创了新型的君主关系模式，为后世的君主关系提供了范本。新兴士人的人格独立还表现在提出了多种理想人格。代表社会上层的儒家孔子的“君子”人格，代表社会下层的墨子的“百姓”人格，以及代表游离于社会阶层之外的老子的“圣人”人格都在这一时期提出，并始终存在于中国社会之中。本文试图对春秋战国时期的“士”做一个较为全面的论述，，以期能够还原这一特定历史时期的士人生活原貌。总之，这一时期士人的历史特征的复杂性远甚于此前及以后的任何一个时代，同时这一时期的士人为以后的士人发展指明了方向。回顾历史，我们有必要对春秋战国之际的知识分子做一次深刻的研究和总结，领略他们的精神实质，这不仅是探讨中华民族知识分子何以起源，也是为建立高尚的社会主义民族道德精神做出必要准备。
[Abstract]:Chinese culture is a unique system, and scholars are responsible for inheriting and expanding Chinese traditional culture. From Confucius on, the tradition of "scholar" in China has lasted for at least 2,500 years. The role and evolution of "Shi" in the history of China is a very complex phenomenon, which is by no means fully explained by any single viewpoint. This paper mainly discusses and studies the taxi people in the Spring and Autumn and warring States period, because the Spring and Autumn and warring States period is the key period for the new scholars to move to the historical stage, and the scholars in this period are more complicated than those in other historical periods. Although the tradition of "Shi" has been going on in China for more than 2,500 years, this tradition is not immutable. "Scholar" With the development of different stages of Chinese history, this paper intends to study the scholars from the cross section of the Spring and Autumn and warring States period, which is the rising period of the new scholars. The scholars of this period are still in the immature stage and have great differences in all aspects with the warring States period and later scholars. In this period, whether in the traditional scholars inside. Still in the new scholar stratum, its main characteristic is the mobility enhancement, each social stratum unceasingly endows "the scholar" the new meaning, the "scholar" the meaning is also in the unceasing change. In this period. The overall status of the new scholars is still very low, has not been widely accepted by society, but in a historical upward trend. They engaged in a wide variety of occupations, but with knowledge and skills as the main means, performance in politics. In the aspects of lecturing, business and farming, the living conditions of the scholars were the first for the intellectuals of later generations. As a result of the development of productive forces, the understanding of "Heaven", "monarch" and "patriarchal clan" was improved. The new scholars broke away from the patriarchal system and created a new model of monarchical relationship. It provides a model for the later monarchical relationship. The personality independence of the new scholars is also manifested in the presentation of a variety of ideal personality, representing the upper class of the Confucian Confucius "gentleman" personality. The personality of Mozi, who represents the lower class of the society, and Laozi, who is outside the social stratum, was put forward in this period. This paper tries to make a comprehensive exposition of the scholars in the Spring and Autumn and warring States period in order to restore the original life of the scholars in this particular historical period. In a word, the complexity of the historical characteristics of the scholars in this period is far greater than that of any other era before or after, and at the same time, the scholars of this period have pointed out the direction for the development of the scholars in the future. It is necessary for us to make a profound study and summary of the intellectuals in the Spring and Autumn and warring States period, and to appreciate their spiritual essence, which is not only to explore the origin of the intellectuals of the Chinese nation. It is also necessary to make preparations for the establishment of a noble socialist national moral spirit.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K225

【引证文献】