清代前中期江南军事驻防研究（1645-1853）

发布时间：2018-02-02 06:21

本文关键词： 八旗驻防绿营江南满汉关系军事控制　出处：《南京大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：清代江南军事驻防体系创建于顺治二年(1645),由八旗与绿营驻军共同组成。清初的江南战事频发,局势动荡,驻军数量长期居高不下。康熙中叶之前,江南驻军的营制历经过数次大幅度的调整与变动,军事指挥体系也屡有更易。直至清廷平定三藩之乱及统一台湾后,江南军事驻防体制才基本确立。清代江南驻军分为八旗驻防与绿营两大系统,在屯驻地点、兵力数量、武器配备等方面彼此互异,缺乏统一指挥与调度,给协同作战带来极大阻碍。江宁与京口八旗驻防的兵力数量虽不及绿营,却是清廷维系江南地区统治的核心力量。康熙中叶之后,江南绿营驻军的营制大致趋于稳定。绿营驻军散布于江南各地,其中,江苏绿营的重要性远胜于安徽绿营。江南绿营军对清廷的忠诚度较低,在武器装备与战斗意志等方面都逊于八旗军。江南清军内部等级森严、歧视充斥。清初的京口八旗驻防全系汉军,有别于由满蒙八旗组成的江宁驻防。清廷对汉军八旗的歧视与排斥,直接导致乾隆年间京口汉军“出旗”事件的发生。八旗驻防与绿营之间更是存在着明显的差异与不平等。八旗驻防与绿营并非完全隔绝,二者之间有着一定的人员交流。三藩之乱后的百余年间,江南地区未遇到大规模战事。由于承平日久,江南八旗驻防逐渐失去清初的生机与锐气,而江南绿营军同样陷入战斗力衰退的困境中,二者的军事训练均日渐废弛。清廷虽制定了较为严格的巡防章程,但江南驻军的巡防实际上流于形式,难以达到消除内外隐患、保障安全的预期目的。清代前中期,江南地区的军民关系经历了由紧张向缓和转变的历程。康熙中叶之前,江南局势动荡、战事频发,清廷进行严酷的军事化统治,军队的各类残民、扰民之举并未受到有效约束。清初江南的旗民冲突、满汉冲突十分严重,是当时军民矛盾的主要内容。自康熙中后期起,随着战事的结束及清朝统治秩序的确立,江南地区的军民关系日趋缓和。清廷设定的旗民分离、分治的二元管理模式,并未能完全阻挡旗、民之间的正常交往。驻防旗人与当地汉人之间的隔离状态逐渐被打破,双方以商业贸易、土地租佃为主要形式的日常经济往来甚为频繁。清代中叶,江宁、京口驻防旗人渐染汉俗,“国语骑射”传统也日益衰颓,战斗力持续下降。当局曾试图恢复八旗军的行围制度与骑射训练,但因受限于江南的自然环境,成效甚微。随着旗营人口的不断增长,八旗生计问题日益严重。当局虽采取迁移驻防官兵、增加养育兵数量、出租旗地等多种方式缓解压力,然而,八旗驻防制度固有的弊病并未消除,当局的各项革新措施也未见明显成效,兵丁贫困化的趋势仍难以遏制。嘉、道时期,江宁、京口八旗驻防已逐渐丧失军事镇戍功能,不再具备抵御外患、消弭内乱的能力。
[Abstract]:The military garrison system of Jiangnan in Qing Dynasty was established in Shunzhi two years ago. It was composed of eight banners and the garrison of Green Battalion. During the early Qing Dynasty, there were frequent wars in the south of the Yangtze River, the situation was turbulent, and the number of garrison remained high for a long time, before the middle of Kangxi. The battalion system of the troops stationed in the southern part of the Yangtze River has undergone several large adjustments and changes, and the military command system has been made easier again and again until the Qing Dynasty calmed down the chaos of the three vassals and reunified Taiwan. Jiangnan military garrison system was basically established. In Qing Dynasty, the garrison was divided into eight banners garrison system and green battalion system. Jiangning and Jingkou eight Banner garrisons were not as large as the Green Battalion, but they were the core forces of the Qing Dynasty to maintain the rule of the south of the Yangtze River. After the middle of Kangxi. The garrison system of the Green Camp in the south of the Yangtze River tends to be stable. The Green Camp in Jiangsu Province is far more important than the Green Camp in Anhui Province, and the loyalty of the Green Camp troops in the south of the Yangtze River to the Qing government is low. In arms and equipment and fighting will are inferior to the eight flag army. Jiangnan Qing army internal hierarchy, discrimination flooded. The early Qing Dynasty Jingkou eight banners garrisoned all Han troops. Different from Jiangning garrison, which is composed of eight banners of Manchu and Mongolia, the Qing Dynasty discriminated against and rejected the eight banners of Han army. The eight banners garrison and the Green Battalion have obvious differences and inequalities. The eight Banner garrisons and the Green Camp are not completely isolated. There was a certain exchange of personnel between the two. More than a hundred years after the chaos of the three vassals, there was no large-scale war in Jiangnan area. As a result of the long period of Chengping, the eight banners of Jiangnan gradually lost the vitality and vigor of the early Qing Dynasty. The Jiangnan Green Battalion army also fell into the plight of the decline of combat effectiveness, the military training of both was gradually abandoned. Although the Qing government formulated a more strict patrol regulations, but the Jiangnan garrison patrol is actually a mere form. It is difficult to eliminate the hidden dangers inside and outside and to ensure the expected purpose of security. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, the military-civilian relations in Jiangnan area experienced a process of transition from tension to relaxation. Before the middle of Kangxi, the situation in Jiangnan was unstable and wars were frequent. Qing Dynasty carried out harsh militarization rule, the army of all kinds of remnant, the act of disturbing the people has not been effectively constrained. The early Qing Dynasty, the conflict between the flag people, Manchu and Han conflict is very serious. Since the middle and late period of Kangxi, with the end of the war and the establishment of the ruling order of the Qing Dynasty, the military-civilian relations in the south of the Yangtze River became more and more relaxed, and the Qing Dynasty set the separation of the flag and the people. The dualistic management mode of division and rule failed to completely block the flag and the normal communication between the people. The isolation between the flag guards and the local Han people was gradually broken, and the two sides used commercial trade. Land tenancy as the main form of daily economic exchanges is very frequent. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, Jiangning, Jingkou garrisoned flag gradually infected Han custom, "national language riding shooting" tradition is also declining day by day. The fighting capacity continued to decline. The authorities had tried to restore the eight-flag army's encirclement system and ride-riding training, but limited by the natural environment in the south of the Yangtze River, little effect had been achieved. As the population of the flag camp continued to grow. Although the authorities have adopted a variety of measures to ease the pressure, such as moving the garrison officers and soldiers, increasing the number of military personnel and renting out flag areas, however, the inherent shortcomings of the eight-banners garrison system have not been eliminated. The government's various innovative measures have not seen obvious results, and the trend of impoverishment of soldiers is still difficult to contain. During the period of Jia, Dao, Jiangning and Jingkou eight Banner garrisons have gradually lost the function of garrisoning military towns and no longer have the ability to resist foreign calamities. The ability to quell civil strife.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K249

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