魏晋士人政治心态类型研究

发布时间：2018-02-03 09:26

本文关键词： 魏晋时期政治心态类型生命关怀社会关怀玄学　出处：《南开大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：从东汉末年开始儒学、经学逐渐衰落,到魏晋之际兴起了一股新的学术思潮,学界通常称之为“玄学”或“魏晋玄学”。魏晋玄学的基本特征是融合儒道,反映在士人身上则是徘徊于儒道之间。近二十年来,魏晋玄学研究取得了重要进展,既有对玄学命题的深入分析,也有对玄学人物的专门研究。但是,目前的研究也存在有待进一步思考的问题。第一,玄学并不足以概括当时的社会思想状况,在玄学之外还有非玄学思想；第二,玄学思想本身也是一个庞杂的体系,在不同的玄学家身上,儒道两家思想要素所占的比重不同,其政治立场和学术观念存在较大差异。本文的宗旨是,从宏观上和总体上对魏晋思想作鸟瞰式的概括和描述,并勾勒出魏晋士人的不同类型。根据我们的研究,魏晋士人的政治心态大致可分为四种类型。第一种类型,传统儒家型。此种类型以傅玄、袁准为代表。传统儒家型士人乃因革儒学、救时补弊的通变之儒,他们积极借用其他学派的思想改铸儒学以适应社会现实的突变,儒学由此获得革新并得以延续。傅、袁二人思想的主流是传统儒家,然而,受社会思潮影响,他们还带有三国时期名法思潮余波之意味,也沾染了一些玄学色彩。傅玄诗文中便透露出玄学思想的印迹,袁准本人与玄学名士阮籍私交甚笃且亲自参与才性之辩的大讨论。第二种类型,以道反儒型。此种类型以阮籍为代表。阮籍乃徘徊儒道、外达内忧的玄学名士,其放达任诞之行为多与儒学和名教相悖,完全是一副以道反儒的派头。然而,阮籍放达的表象之下掩藏着深重的忧惧,其放诞既蕴含着自污以自保的意味,又借此表达对时政的强烈愤慨,由此可见阮籍思想之根基仍然是儒家。阮籍对个体生命和现实社会都抱有强烈的关怀,这种双向度的价值取向是其思想矛盾、精神痛苦的根本原因。第三种类型,儒道调和型。此种类型以山涛、魏舒、羊祜、张华、王戎、王衍等人为代表。这些士人并不逃避政治,他们为官或尽职尽责或仕不事事,生命关怀与社会关怀能够在他们身上得到和洽的统一。此类士人虽无玄学理论著述传世,但是其兼得入世与心达的实际表现说明他们“受用”了玄学。魏晋之际许多世家大族属于儒道调和型,他们主动成为玄学思潮的倡导者和推动者,玄学化是其融入上流社会阶层、保持家族兴旺的必由之途。第四种类型,隐而不仕型。此种类型以陶潜为代表。魏晋时期出现规模较大的隐士群体,陶潜便是以隐逸田园而著称的士人。魏晋隐士群体从愤政抗争而隐逐渐转变为顺性保真而隐,陶潜本人屡仕而终隐的人生经历和心路历程便是魏晋隐逸发展史的缩影。陶潜原本将人生价值寄寓儒家政治理想的实现之中,无奈处处碰壁的窘境迫使他从社会关怀转入生命关怀,隐而不仕遂成为官场失意者普遍选择的生活方式。以上四种类型之间存在着一定的逻辑关系。就对儒家学说的态度看,从第一种类型到第四种类型之间显示出逐渐疏离儒家思想的倾向。傅玄、袁准是儒家思想的继承者和改革者,其坚守儒学的立场和观点自不待言；阮籍“以道反儒”亦可视为用道家之“自然”矫儒学与名教之偏,徘徊于儒道之间的阮氏有悖儒之名而无远儒之实；山涛等庙堂之士将儒道二家思想调和于己身,他们不像阮籍那样执著于儒家政治理想和价值理念,也就比阮籍更加离儒而向道；陶潜身上的儒道因素不构成明显而尖锐的矛盾,陶氏只是保持儒家伦理底色而已,他将生命关怀置于社会关怀之上,儒家政治理想在其心中大幅消解而道家全性保真意识颇为增强。与此同时,上述思想类型在一定程度上也表现为时间关系,即从第一种类型向第四种类型演变的倾向,而不是相反。虽然在特定历史横切面上来看,以上四大类型共时性存在,但是,从长时段发展来看,他们有着历时性的演进关系。士人身上儒道要素的构成比重和相互关系不同,由此外化而产生的社会关怀和生命关怀的向度和力度也就不同,因而便产生了多种不同类型的士人政治心态。
[Abstract]:From the Eastern Han Dynasty began Confucianism classics gradually decline, to Wei and Jin Dynasty emerged a new trend of academic circles, often called "metaphysics" or "metaphysics". The basic characteristics of metaphysics is the fusion of Confucianism and Taoism, reflected in the intellectuals who lingered between Confucianism and Taoism in recent twenty years. That has made important progress of metaphysics research, in-depth analysis of metaphysics propositions both, also have special research on the metaphysical character.
However, the current study also need to be further thought. First, metaphysics can not generalize social thoughts at that time, in addition to non metaphysics metaphysics; second, metaphysics itself is a complex system, in different metaphysicians body, different elements of Confucianism and Taoism share there great differences in the political and academic ideas. The purpose of this paper is, as a summary and description of the type of the thought from the macro and overall, and outlines the different types of Wei and Jin Dynasties. According to our research, the scholar's political psychology can be divided into four types.
The first type, the traditional Confucian type. This type of Fu Xuan Yuan, quasi represented. Traditional Confucian scholars are due to leather type Confucianism, save the change fill disadvantages of Confucianism, they actively borrowed from other schools of thought to Confucianism in order to adapt to the social reality of the mutation, thus obtained the continuation and innovation of Confucianism. Fu. Two yuan mainstream ideology is Confucianism, however, affected by the impact of social trends, but also with their name of the aftermath of the Three Kingdoms period thought means, but also in some mysterious color. This paper reveals Fu Xuan metaphysics of imprinting, discussion and I, quasi metaphysics scholar Ruan Ji Shendu and personally involved in it the debate.
Second types of counter Confucianism with Taoism. This type is represented by Ruan Ji. Ruan Ji is wandering outside the internal Confucianism, metaphysics scholar, the birth of unconventional behavior with Confucianism and religion. It is a way to anti Confucian style. However, under the appearance of Ruan Ji up to hide the grave the apprehension, and it contains the means to protect themselves from pollution, and to express strong indignation of the political thought of Ruan Ji, it is still the foundation of Confucianism. Ruan Ji holds strong concern of individual life and social reality, the bidirectional value orientation are the ideological contradictions, root cause of mental distress.
Third types of Confucian harmonious type. This type in Shan Tao, Wei Shu, Yang Hu, Zhang Hua, Wang Rong, Wang Yan as representative. These scholars do not escape their political, official or conscientious or not all official life care and social care, harmonize well with each other in them. These scholars have no metaphysical theory the actual performance of the works handed down, but both WTO and the heart of the "good" shows their metaphysics in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Many aristocratic families belong to Confucianism harmonious, they take the initiative to become advocates and promoters of metaphysics, metaphysics is the integration of the upper class families, maintain the necessary way.
Fourth types of implicit rather than official type. This type is represented by Tao Qian. The larger the hermit community appeared in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Tao Qian is in seclusion and celebrated scholars. The hermit groups from the political struggle while the hidden anger gradually transformed into fairness and fidelity implicit, Tao Qian himself repeated official and life experience and the final journey hidden is a microcosm of the history of recluse. Tao Qian originally will realize the value of life as the Confucian political ideal, but the dilemma of being blocked from forcing him to life caring for social care, hidden and not Shi became frustrated officialdom generally choose the way of life.
There exists logical relation among the above four types. As for the attitudes toward Confucianism, from the first type to fourth types showed a trend gradually alienated the Confucianism. Fu Xuan Yuan is quasi Confucianism successor and the reformers, adhere to Confucian standpoints and views It goes without saying that Ruan Ji "; Tao is also regarded as" anti Confucianism with Taoism and Confucianism "nature" the partial religion, hovering between Confucianism and Taoism "against Confucianism without far Confucianism; Shan Tao Temple, etc. will be two and harmonic thought in oneself, they did not like Ruan Ji clinging to the Confucian political ideal and the value idea, also more than Ruan Ji from Confucianism to Confucian Tao; Tao Qian's factor does not constitute a clear and sharp contradiction, the Dow just keep the Confucian ethics background. He based the life care in a caring society, Confucian Political Science If you want to dissolve in his heart, the Daoist's awareness of the full nature of the Daoist is greatly enhanced.
At the same time, the type of thought to a certain extent as well as the time, the tendency of evolution from the first type to fourth types, and not the contrary. Although in a specific historical cross section, the above four types in common existence, however, from the long period of development, they have a relationship diachronic. Proportion of intellectuals, and the relationship between different elements of Confucianism, the external and social care and life care to the degree and intensity is also different, so they have a variety of different types of scholar's political mentality.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K235

【引证文献】