清代顺康两朝科道官员研究

发布时间：2018-03-12 07:08

本文选题：清代　切入点：顺康两朝　出处：《中央民族大学》2007年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 纵观中国古代政治制度的演进历史，监察制度是历代国家政治制度中不可或缺的重要环节之一。中国古代监察制度于秦汉时期正式形成，魏晋南北朝时期得以初步发展，隋唐至宋辽金元时期日臻成熟，明清时期则得到了进一步强化。总体而言，中国古代监察制度是为了维护封建专制统治而设立的，这是中国古代监察制度发展变迁的基本内涵。本文对中国古代监察史从清代顺治、康熙两朝做一个横断面，以其中央监察制度主体——科道官员的活动为研究对象，在占有大量原始材料的基础上进行了深入分析。整体而言，顺康两朝的科道官员在整肃吏治、维持民生、纠举时弊方面发挥了一定的积极作用。然顺康两朝历史环境既有延续性又有差异性，因此科道官的活动也不尽相同，各具特色。顺治朝，科道官员为改革清初带有强烈民族征服色彩的五大弊政作出了积极努力；仅存于顺治一朝的巡按御史制度也发挥了独特的作用。康熙朝，圣祖虽对“风闻言事”禁而复开，但情势尽在其掌控之中，体现了其对言路诸臣比较复杂的心态；而科道官对于储位问题的关注，也是与顺治朝显著不同之处。另一方面，顺康两朝都发生了与科道官员密切相关的典型弹劾案例，通过对这些案例的具体分析可以看出，顺康两朝最鲜明的特点就是科道官必须对皇权俯首贴耳，必须服务于皇权，服务于其政治需要，科道官员已经彻底沦为控制在最高统治者手中的御用工具。尽管科道官的政治活动还具有着一定的影响力，但其影响力在皇权之下已经遭到了严重削弱。科道官不仅被要求绝对服从于最高统治者的意志，而且不得触及诸如满洲利益、满汉关系等的敏感禁区。其言论所及和影响力的发挥，始终被囿于特定的范围之内。总之，从顺康两朝科道官员的活动及皇帝对其的基本态度可以看出，统治者的意志是裁决科道官建言最终而且唯一的准绳，，以“人治”代替“法治”是封建君主专制制度的基本特征。
[Abstract]:Throughout the evolution of the ancient Chinese political system, the supervisory system is one of the indispensable important links in the national political system of the past dynasties. The ancient Chinese supervisory system was formally formed in the Qin and Han dynasties, and the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties were initially developed. From the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, the Ming and Qing dynasties were further strengthened. In general, the ancient Chinese supervisory system was established to maintain feudal autocratic rule, which is the basic connotation of the development and vicissitude of the ancient Chinese supervision system. In this paper, the history of ancient Chinese supervision from the Qing Dynasty Shunzhi, Kangxi two dynasties as a cross-section, its central supervisory system-the activities of the officials of Kedao as the object of study, in possession of a large number of raw materials on the basis of in-depth analysis. On the whole, the officials of Shunkang dynasties played a positive role in purging officials, maintaining people's livelihood and rectifying the malpractices. However, the historical environment of Shunkang and Shunkang dynasties had both continuity and difference, so the activities of officials in Shunkang were also different. Each had its own characteristics. In Shunzhi Dynasty, the officials of Ke Dao made positive efforts to reform the five bad policies with strong national subjugation at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. The system of patrol and imperial history, which only existed in Shunzhi Dynasty, also played a unique role. Although the saint-ancestor was forbidden to "wind and tell stories", the situation was under its control, which reflected his complicated attitude towards the officials who spoke the road, and the attention of the officials of science and Taoism to the question of storing places was also significantly different from that of Shunzhi dynasty. On the other hand, both Shunkang dynasties had typical impeachment cases closely related to officials of science and Taoism. Through the concrete analysis of these cases, we can see that the most striking feature of Shunkang dynasties is that the officials of Shunkang have to bow their ears to the imperial power. They must serve the imperial power and serve their political needs, and the officials have been reduced to royal tools in the hands of the supreme rulers, although their political activities still have a certain degree of influence. But its influence has been severely weakened under imperial power. Kautorians are required not only to obey the will of the supreme rulers, but also not to touch interests such as Manchu. The sensitive exclusion zone of Manchu-Han relationship. The exertion of its speech and influence has always been confined to a specific scope. In short, from the activities of the officials of the Shunkang dynasties and the basic attitude of the emperor towards them, it can be seen that the will of the rulers is the ultimate and only criterion for judging the advice of the officials. Rule by man instead of rule by law is the basic feature of feudal autocratic monarchy.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K249.2

【引证文献】