游民与汉代社会

发布时间：2018-03-12 10:02

本文选题：汉代　切入点：游民　出处：《山东大学》2007年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 游民(包括流民在内)的存在是古往今来任何一个国家、任何一个政权都难以完全避免的严重社会问题。游民的大量存在在一定程度上动摇了统治阶级施政治国的社会基础，妨害了统治者方针政策的贯彻执行，削弱了统治效力。更有甚者，由游民或流民发动的叛乱和斗争严重动摇甚至摧垮现行政权的事例也是不胜枚举，如“绿林、赤眉”起义、黄巾起义、元末农民起义、明末李自成起义及太平天国运动等都有游民大量参与其中。正是因为游民的存在对统治者构成如此严重的影响，所以任何一个朝代或政权对于游民(包括流民)问题都是慎重对待并严加防范的。本文共分为五章。在本文第一章中，首先对“游民”作出一个较为准确的界定。对游民进行界定的关键是要把握住被考察者与主流社会社会秩序之间的关系以及被考察者获得经济来源的方式。如若一个人或一个群体游离于主流社会秩序之外，存在着对主流社会秩序的破坏性行为，或不以从事社会主体生产(在中国封建社会中主要指农、工、商业)来作为谋生之本，那么这个人或群体就基本可以被断定属于游民或游民群体。自战国时期开始，中国社会进入游士兴盛的时代。至汉代时，中国社会又迎来了游民活动的一个新高潮。导致汉代游民大量出现的原因是复杂的，涉及到历史、政治、经济、民族、地域民风等多方面的原因。对汉代游民的社会构成进行准确的分析和把握也是一个复杂的问题，汉代游民的构成极为复杂，主要包括游侠、“少年”、盗贼、巫觋、宾客、以及歌舞艺伎等等。第二章着重分析论述了汉代游民的社会活动。本章主要从汉代游民对社会秩序的破坏性活动、汉代游民的经济性活动和汉代游民的依附性活动三个方面展开论述。汉代游民在其活动中对社会秩序造成了许多方面的破坏。如盗贼攻占政府统治机构、游侠和“少年”椎埋剽掠、巫觋蛊惑民众等等。游民多以社会主体生产之外的方式和手段获取经济利益，如盗铸货币、发掘坟墓、椎埋剽掠、乃至为他人复仇而受赇等等。游民总是依附于一定的社会阶层以寻求庇护和资助，游民的很多活动往往是依附于权宦豪族进行的，如复仇、盗铸、剽掠等都是游民依附活动的主要表现形式。在本文中，笔者依据表现形式将游民的依附活动主要分为政治性依附活动、经济性依附活动和军事性依据活动。第三章主要分析汉代游民活动的主要特点。虽然汉代游民中不乏个体性的活动，但群体性毫无疑问地成为汉代游民的主要活动方式。无论是游侠横行乡里，“少年”受赇复仇，盗贼攻掠州郡甚至巫觋的祭祀、祷祝等活动都是以群体性的方式来进行的。在群体性的基础上，非秩序性是汉代游民活动的另一个重要特征。游民之“游”就体现在其对社会秩序的脱离和背叛上。无论是汉代游民的行为方式、活动目的还是游民的活动影响都表现出与主流社会秩序与规范的不一致。在汉代辽阔的土地上，不同地域上的游民呈现出各不相同的地域特征。地域性如同群体性和反秩序性一样，也是汉代游民的重要活动特点。经济繁荣和交通便利的城市是汉代游民的重要活动场所。在城市中，游民们便于获得生活所需的基本物质保障，能够建立广泛的社会交往关系。在汉代辽阔的土地上，不论是自然风貌的差别还是民风习俗的不同都使得汉代游民活动呈现出不同的地域特点。从自然环境和民风习俗的角度对汉代游民的活动进行分析，有助于对汉代游民的活动及影响进行更加形象的把握。第四章着重阐述汉代游民的社会交往和社会影响。社会交往是游民社会活动重要组成部分。汉代的许多游民建立起广泛的社会交往网络。汉代游民的许多社会活动就是在其社会交往中进行和完成的。上至达官显贵，下至平民之众都可以成为游民的结交对象。本章主要从汉代游民招纳宾客、游民投身权豪、汉代游民之间的交往三个方面展开对汉代游民交往活动的论述。游民活动对汉代社会产生多方面的深刻影响。在本章中就游民对汉代统治政策的影响、对汉代社会秩序的影响及对民众生活的影响进行了详细论述。第五章着重论述两汉政府对游民所进行的调控管理。对游民的管理显然不同于对士、农、工、商的管理，对游民的管理和调控也没有一成不变的模式和方法可以遵循。为了有效调控游民，减少游民对于社会政治、经济秩序和民众生活的危害，，两汉政府采取了一系列措施对游民实施有效的管理，如对游侠、“少年”的迁徙政策；选派“酷吏”对游民实行酷法打压；采取军事手段诛除盗贼；推行教化，转化民风民俗；汉政府采取有针对性的措施安抚流民，尽可能阻止流民向游民的转化。
[Abstract]:The homeless (including refugees,) there is no country from ancient to modern times, a serious social problem in any regime are hardly avoidable. There are a large number of homeless has shaken the social foundation of the ruling class policy rule to a certain extent, hinders the implementation of policies of the rulers, weakened the ruling effect. What is more, launched by the homeless refugees or rebellion and struggle and even destroy the current regime severely shaken cases such as "green, be too numerous to enumerate, the" uprising, the Yellow turbans, the peasant uprising at the end of the yuan, Ming and Li Zicheng and the Taiping Movement has a large number of homeless involved. It is because of the existence of a vagrant so seriously the rulers, so any dynasty or regime for the homeless (including refugees) are seriously and take strict precautions.
This article is divided into five chapters.
In the first chapter of the thesis, first of all to make a more accurate definition of "vagrant". The definition of vagrant is the key source of economic relations to hold between the mainstream society and of social order and inspection way. If a person or a group of free from the mainstream of social order. There is a disruptive behavior of the mainstream of social order, or not to engage in social production (in the China feudal society mainly refers to agriculture, industry, business) as a livelihood, then this person or group can be concluded that the basic belongs to the homeless or homeless population. Since the beginning of the Warring States period, China society into their own prosperity the age to the Han Dynasty, Chinese society ushered in a new climax of vagrant activities. The cause of the emergence of a large number of homeless is complex, involving political, economic, historical, national, regional customs etc. Many reasons. Analyze and grasp accurately is a complex problem of homeless Han society, constitute the Han Dynasty vagrant is very complex, mainly including the Ranger, "the youth", rogue, shaman, guests, and dance geisha and so on.
The second chapter focuses on the analysis of the Han Dynasty people's social activities. This chapter mainly from the Han Dynasty. The destruction of social order activities, discusses the three aspects of economic activities in Han Dynasty and Han Dynasty. The vagrant dependent activities. The homeless in its activities to the social order has created many aspects such as thieves damage. Take the government agencies, Ranger and "juvenile" vertebral buried confuse people. The wizard to plunder, to social vagrant main production ways and means to obtain economic benefits, such as stealing cast money, dig the grave, buried for others and vertebral depredation, revenge by bribe and so on. People always adhere to certain social class to to seek shelter and assistance, many of the homeless activities is often attached to the right of the Huan clan, such as revenge, pirates are cast, depredation is one of the main forms of vagrant attachment activities. In this paper, according to the author According to the form of expression, the adherence activities of the tourists are mainly divided into political attachment activities, economic dependence activities and military basis activities.
The third chapter mainly analyzes the main characteristics of the Han Dynasty vagrant activities. Although there is no lack of individual members of the Han Dynasty, but the group undoubtedly become the main activity in the Han Dynasty vagrant way. Both rangers are rampant, "the youth" by bribe revenge, even the wizard thieves worship pleasant state, pray and other activities are carried out in the group way. Based on the group, non order is another important feature of the Han Dynasty vagrant activities. A "tour" is reflected in the social order and betrayal. Whether it is from the Han Dynasty vagrant behavior, influence of purpose or activity showed a vagrant is not in accordance with the mainstream social order and norms. The vast land in the Han Dynasty, the homeless in different regions had different features. As regional groups and anti order, but also in the Han Dynasty The characteristics of important activities. Homeless economic prosperity and convenient transportation of the city is an important place for the homeless. The homeless in the city, in order to obtain the required life of the basic material security, to establish a wide range of social relations. The vast land in the Han Dynasty, whether it is the natural style of the difference is the folk custom in different all the homeless makes Han activities showing different geographical features. To analyze the Han Dynasty vagrant activities from the natural environment and folk custom angle, contribute to the Han Dynasty vagrant activities and influence more image grasp.
The fourth chapter focuses on the social impact of the Han Dynasty people. Social communication is an important part of social activities. Many homeless vagrants of the Han Dynasty to establish extensive social network. Many social activities in the Han Dynasty is a vagrant in social communication and complete. To dignitaries to the civilian people can as a vagrant making object. This chapter mainly from the Han Dynasty to recruit homeless vagrant guests, right Ho, expansion of the Han Dynasty in three aspects of communication activities. The homeless between the discussion. Homeless have deep influence on various aspects of the Han Dynasty. In this chapter the influence of the Han Dynasty vagrant policy, influence the social order of the Han Dynasty and the impact on people's lives were discussed in detail.
The fifth chapter focuses on the regulation of the government. The homeless of vagrant management is obviously different from that of men, farmers, workers, business management, management and control of vagrant nor the mode and method of immutable and frozen can be followed. In order to effectively control the homeless, vagrant to reduce social and political, economic order and harm people life, the government has taken a series of measures to implement the effective management of nomads, such as the Ranger, "juvenile" migration policy; "ruthless" send cool method to suppress the implementation of vagrant; take military means to exterminate the bandits; carry out education and transformation of folk customs; the Chinese government to take targeted measures to appease the refugees, transformation as far as possible to prevent refugees homeless.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K234

【引证文献】