也从里耶简谈秦代乡啬夫与乡守:论基层管理的双头模式

发布时间：2018-03-13 19:17

本文选题：秦代　切入点：里耶简　出处：《史林》2013年01期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：秦代是否存在乡啬夫曾是个争议话题。2002年出土的里耶秦简证实了乡啬夫在秦代的存在,但也提出了新问题:秦代一乡之长到底是乡啬夫还是不为学界所熟悉的"乡守"?利用新发表的《里耶秦简(壹)》,结合岳麓秦简、张家山汉简、秦封泥及传世文献资料,或可对秦代基层管理曾采用双头模式加以论证:乡啬夫是名义上的一乡之长,而乡守实际上主管一乡事务。具体而言,在已发表的里耶简中,乡啬夫仅出现三次,并且无法推测其职掌。而与之形成鲜明对比的是,乡守大量出现,并主管一乡赋税、户籍、刑徒、民间财产转移登记、乡情汇报、为公家购买奴隶等乡政事务。证据表明,乡守和乡啬夫是并列、平行的关系,不互相隶属。故此可推测,当时曾采取双头模式。这种模式在汉初(张家山汉简的时代)就被废除,乡啬夫变身为名实兼具的、唯一的一乡之长。这提醒我们在理解"汉承秦制"时,不能忽视汉对秦制的改革,不能完全套用汉制来倒推记载不详的秦制。
[Abstract]:In 2002, Li Ye Qin bamboo slips unearthed confirmed the existence of townspeople in the Qin Dynasty, but also raised new questions: whether the growth of a township in the Qin Dynasty was a township miser or was it not known to the academic community as "keeping the countryside guard"??? With the newly published "Liya Qin slips (1)", combined with the Yuelu Qin slips, Zhangjiashan Han slips, Qin Feng Mud and the documents handed down from ancient times, it may be possible to demonstrate that the basic level management of the Qin Dynasty once adopted a double-headed model: the townspeople are nominally good at a township. In particular, in the published Liye Jane, the townspeople only appeared three times, and could not speculate on their duties. In contrast, the village guards appeared in large numbers and were in charge of the taxation and household registration of the first township. Criminal prisoners, civil property transfer registration, township affairs reporting, purchase of slaves for the public, etc. Evidence shows that village guards and townspeople are juxtaposed and parallel, not affiliated with each other. Therefore, it can be inferred that. At that time, the two-headed model was adopted. This model was abolished in the early Han Dynasty (the era of Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo slips), and the Xue Fu turned into both the name and the substance. This reminds us that when we understand the "Han inherited Qin system," The reform of Qin system in Han Dynasty can not be ignored.
【作者单位】：华东师范大学思勉人文高等研究院;
【基金】：国家社科基金2011年青年项目“中国早期民法的诠释”资助
【分类号】：K877.5;K233

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