唐宋之际马政变革研究

发布时间：2018-03-15 22:13

本文选题：唐宋之际　切入点：马政　出处：《南京师范大学》2008年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 马政,指的是国家对马匹的繁育、饲养、使用、流通的行政管理及沿革变化,涉及相关的政令法令举措,以及有关的人与事。马在古代社会有着重要的地位,是个人地位、权势、财富的象征,也是国家力量与财富的象征。统治者历来十分重视对马政的建设与发展。从夏商周至清,我国古代马政经历了一个不断发展、变化的过程。本文主要是在唐宋变革学说的影响下,总结前人的研究成果,对唐宋两代的马政机构、牧监、牧子、市马制度作了一个系统的考察,认为唐宋之际马政发生了重大的变化: 首先,国家马政机构变迁不断。唐代,马政的管理权先后由太仆寺向群牧使、闲厩使、飞龙使过渡。宋代,马政管理权先后由左、右骐骥二院向群牧司、太仆寺(受枢密院控制)、驾部转移。马政机构的不断变迁,是在士族制度衰弱的情况下,统治者加强皇权的重要措施。其次,牧监发展的不平衡与经营方式不同,牧子身份发生了变化。唐代牧监规模十分庞大,而宋代则显得有些相形见绌。形成这种差距的原因虽然跟西北牧场的丢失有关,但是土地国有制向土地私有制转变、租佃制盛行、牧监与民争利是最主要的原因。唐代前中期牧子的身份属于贱民,包括奴隶、官户和由奴隶、官户放免而来又长期被束缚在牧场上的白丁。唐代中期牧场出现了纳资代役与和雇现象。发展到宋代,牧子一般由军人担当。这是魏晋南北朝良贱制度逐渐瓦解的结果。最后,国家越来越依赖于市马制度。唐初国家市马数量很少,也不频繁,没有形成定制。唐中期始,政府设有专门官员管理市马事务,定期定点向少数民族市马。两宋时期,虽然市马区域多有变动,但国家市马一年一次或数次,数量动辄上万。显然,唐宋时期国家越来越依赖于市马。市马制度的兴盛反映了社会生产力的发展,土地上的收益远远高于牧监养马;另一方面也反映了商品经济的发达,影响着国家的政策。市马制度与唐代之前着力发展牧监、税马、掠夺马匹等措施相较,也反映了国家由政治力量为主导向政治经济相结合主导的转变。
[Abstract]:Horse politics refers to the state's administrative management and evolution of the breeding, breeding, use and circulation of horses, which involve relevant decrees and decrees, as well as related people and matters. Horses played an important role in ancient society and were individuals. Power, the symbol of wealth, and also the symbol of national strength and wealth. Rulers have always attached great importance to the construction and development of horse politics. From Xia, Shang and Zhou to the Qing Dynasty, China's ancient horse politics experienced a process of continuous development and change. Under the influence of the transformation theory of Tang and Song dynasties, this paper summarizes the previous research results, and makes a systematic investigation on the horse-government institutions, pastoral supervisors, pastoralists, and city horse systems of the Tang and Song dynasties. It is concluded that the horse-politics has undergone great changes during the Tang and Song dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, the management power of Ma Zheng was successively transferred from Taibushi Xiangqun, idle stables to Feilong. In the Song Dynasty, Ma Zheng's administrative power was successively transferred from the left and right Vernon Ji two courts to the Qun Pastoral Department. Taipu Temple (controlled by the Privy Council, the transfer of the ministry. The constant changes of the Ma political institutions, in the case of the weakening of the system, rulers to strengthen the imperial power of an important measure. Secondly, the imbalance in the development of pastoral supervision is different from the way of management, and the status of pastoral son has changed. The scale of pastoral prison in Tang Dynasty is very large, while the Song Dynasty appears to be somewhat dwarfed. Although the reason for this gap is related to the loss of pastures in Northwest China, However, the conversion of land state ownership to private land ownership, the prevalence of tenancy system, and the main reason for pastoral supervision and civil strife were the most important reasons. In the early and mid Tang Dynasty, the status of pastoral son belonged to the untouchable people, including slaves, official households and slaves. In the middle of Tang Dynasty, there appeared the phenomenon of accepting money as a substitute for service and employment in the pastures. In the Song Dynasty, the pastoral children were generally taken up by the military. This was the result of the gradual disintegration of the good and humble system in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, which was the result of the gradual disintegration of the good and humble system in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. Finally, the state is increasingly dependent on the system of city horses. In the early Tang Dynasty, the number of national horses was small and infrequent, and there was no customization. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the government set up special officials to manage the affairs of the city horses, and regularly designated the horses to the minority nationalities. During the two Song dynasties, Although there are many changes in the city horse area, the number of the national market horse is easily increased by tens of thousands once a year or several times. Obviously, during the Tang and Song dynasties, the country became more and more dependent on the city horse system. The prosperity of the city horse system reflected the development of social productive forces. The income on the land is far higher than that on the grazing and keeping horses; on the other hand, it also reflects the developed commodity economy, which affects the state's policy. The system of city horses is compared with the measures taken before the Tang Dynasty to develop pastoral supervision, tax horses, and plunder horses. It also reflects the change from political power to political economy.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K242

【引证文献】