北魏考课制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 03:33

本文选题：北魏　切入点：考课制度　出处：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2006年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 考课制度,是政府对官员的行政才能、道德素养等方面进行考核的制度,它是中国古代传统政治制度的重要一环。纵观北魏考课制度发展的历程,它经历了形成、确立、演变、破坏四个阶段。在道武帝到冯太后听政这一时期,考课制度逐渐形成。由于胡汉二重行政体制的存在,考课对象主要是实行传统州郡县管理体制下的地方官员,对于中央行政体制中的外朝和内朝官员,直接的考课资料阙如。考课的方式包括派遣大使巡行、皇帝亲巡、吏民举告地方官员不法等,太武帝太延元年,创建了刺史、太守、县令层级考课的方式。地方官员的考课内容除农业(力)、赋役(财)、户口(恩)、法律(刑)、用人(政)五个方面外,仍着重于官员在经济上是否贪赃受贿。官员考课后的黜陟并没有形成定制,政绩优良的官员得到衣、马、布帛等赏赐,直到延兴二年才制定了“岁积有成,迁位一级”的标准,这是北魏第一次明确地将考课的陟赏与官级的升迁联系起来。而对考课为劣绩的官员的黜罚是相当严酷的,轻则杖罚、免所居官,重则处死。孝文帝亲政后,重用汉族士人进行官制改革,胡汉二重行政体制逐渐向一元制转化,从而考课对象扩大到全体官员,考课后的黜陟也直接关系到官品的降、升。而且,孝文帝以“论考之事,理在不轻,问绩之方,应关朕听”为指导思想,亲自掌握对官员的考课。太和十五年,考课制度作为一项政治制度明确的以法令的形式确立下来。最早确立的是针对地方官员的外考令,规定每年年终州、镇以下首先实行分级考课,刺史、镇将依据本州镇所辖郡太守、县令的政绩定其品第上报中央,在中央进行统一考课时,其政绩考核品第作为黜陟的依据。太和十八年在拓跋羽的建议下,中央官员的考课也形成定制,即由各曹长官负责本部门官员的考课,依其政绩,分为上、中、下三等,上上、上中、上下、中等、下上、下中、下下七品,上下二等分别陟黜,中等守本。官品为六品以下的官员,由尚书省负责考课;五品以上的官员,皇帝与公卿论其政绩善恶。而且确定了“三年一考,考即黜陟”的原则。孝文帝时,中央政府对全部官员进行考课,此时的中央集权可视为北魏之最强时期。宣武帝时期,考课制度在各个方面更加完善,同时由于政治环境的变化,考
[Abstract]:The examination system, which is an important part of the traditional political system in ancient China, is the system that the government assesses the administrative ability and moral accomplishment of the officials. Throughout the course of the development of the course system of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it has gone through the formation, establishment and evolution. Destroy four stages. During the period from Daowu Emperor to Queen Mother Feng listening to politics, the examination system gradually formed. Due to the existence of the dual administrative system of Hu and Han, the subjects of the examination were mainly local officials under the traditional state, prefectural and county management system. For the officials of the external and internal dynasties in the central administrative system, the direct examination materials are not available. The methods of conducting the examination include sending ambassadors to patrol, the emperors on the inspection tour, the officials and the people suing local officials for malfeasance, and so on. Taiwu Emperor too extended the first year to create a history of thorns and too much to observe. The method of taking classes at the county level. The contents of the examination courses for local officials are in addition to five aspects: agriculture, taxation (wealth and labor), hukou (en Pu), law (punishment and punishment), and employment (politics). It is still focused on whether officials are corrupt or not economically. The official ouster after the examination did not form a custom. Officials with good achievements received rewards such as clothing, horses, cloth and silk. It was not until two years after Yanxing that the standard of "success in years of age and transfer to a higher level" was set. This was the first time in the Northern Wei Dynasty that the reward for taking the examination was clearly linked to the promotion of the official rank. However, the deposed punishment of the officials who did not perform well in the examination was quite harsh. After Emperor Xiaowen was in line with the government, the official system was reformed by reusing the Han scholars, and the two-tier administrative system of the Hu and Han dynasties gradually changed to the unitary system, so that the subjects of the examination were extended to all the officials, and the deposed cheok after the examination also had a direct bearing on the decline and promotion of the official products. Emperor Xiaowen, with the guiding ideology of "on the matter of examination, if the principle is not light and asks about achievements, should listen to me", personally grasps the examination course for officials. Taihe 15 years, As a political system, the examination system was clearly established in the form of a decree. The earliest establishment was an external examination order aimed at local officials, stipulating that at the end of each year, the states and towns should first implement the graded examination of courses and the history of the examination. The town will report its achievements to the central government according to the achievements of the county and county under its jurisdiction. When the central government conducts a unified examination, its performance assessment will be taken as the basis for dethroning the Cheok. Taihe was advised by Tuoyu for 18 years. The examination courses for central officials are also custom-made, that is, each Cao officer is responsible for the examination of officials of his own department. According to his political achievements, he is divided into upper, middle, third, upper, upper, upper, middle, middle, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, Officials of the five or more levels, the emperor and public officials, discussed their achievements, good and evil. Moreover, the principle of "three years of examination, that is to say, dethroning oneself," was established. When Emperor Xiaowen was Emperor Xiaowen, The central government took exams on all officials, and the centralization of power could be regarded as the strongest of the Northern Wei Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Xuanwu, the examination system was more perfect in all aspects. At the same time, due to the change of the political environment, the examination system was more perfect.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K239.21

【引证文献】