清代两司行政研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 04:07

本文选题：清代　切入点：布政使　出处：《南开大学》2009年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 两司制度肇端于明代,其时为布、按、都三司鼎立,分管行政、司法、军政事务。清入主中原后,承袭明制,地方行政事务由两司上承督抚,下启道员,总管一省行政、司法事务,其职掌和行政关系的演变,伴随着清王朝发展的整个历史进程。清改革其机构,在设置上,取消右布政使,一省设一位布政使管理本省民政、财政事务,按察使基本沿袭明代,每省设一名,管理一省司法事务。其职掌,布、按两司分管一省行政和司法事务,并共同承担一省官员选任与考核、军需、科举等事务。其在各个历史时期,因面对的社会环境不尽相同,其职掌也不一样。顺康时期,为清王朝恢复和发展时期,此时,布政使的主要职掌:安定民心、鼓励生产;按察使则主要负责清理地方积案、清查地方盗匪等事务。雍乾盛世,社会形势稳定,两司主要办理各自本任事务。嘉道以降,进入“衰世”的清王朝,既面临着王朝末年农民大起义的冲击,又因西方列强的入侵而遭逢“三千年未有之变局”,清朝统治走向衰败。是时,由于绿营兵不堪一击,外难抵挡西方列强的入侵,内难抵抗以太平天国为首的农民运动。缘是,清政府不得不改弦更张,采取新的政策,任用文官带兵出战就是其中之一。此时,为有效地调动军队,清政府多用实缺两司带兵转战各地,署任两司办理地方行政事务。第二次鸦片战争后,随着洋务运动的开展,两司协助督抚采西学、制洋器、练新兵。有的两司甚至直接兼管本省洋务、营务事宜。特别是在中外交涉之中,懂洋务的两司在办理签约、换约事宜中都起到了重要的作用。清末改革时,按西方三权分立的思想,对地方行政制度加以改革,两司职掌又进一步细化。为了能够有效地维持地方统治,清政府在地方事务的处理过程中,适时地调整了两司与督抚、道员之间的职掌,使其相互依赖、相互制约并在政务的处理中互相合作,保证地方行政体系的有序运行。由于清术特殊的社会形势,地方官员的选任政策也发生改变,两司作为省级重要行政长官,其表现尤为突出,地方实缺两司的带兵出战,使得地方署任官员的作用逐渐凸现出来。综上所述,两司是清代中央集权体系的中间阶层,也是中央权力得以实现的中间环节。两司的存在,不但有利于地方政务的处理,也加强了皇帝对督抚的直接控制。同时,两司在晚清政局中对洋务、外交和军事等方面的参与,使其与近代的政治、经济、文化发生了诸多联系,从而对晚清行政体制的演变和社会变迁等方面产生了多方面的影响。
[Abstract]:The system of the two departments began in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the two departments were divided into three divisions, namely, cloth, press, and all three departments, responsible for administrative, judicial, military and administrative affairs. After the Qing Dynasty took over the Central Plains, it inherited the Ming system. The local administrative affairs were administered by the two departments, and the local administrative affairs were administered by the superintendents of the two divisions, and the officials of the lower roads were responsible for a provincial administration. The evolution of judicial affairs, its duties and administrative relations was accompanied by the whole historical process of the development of Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, it reformed its organization, abolished the right envoy, and set up a provincial envoy to manage the civil affairs and financial affairs of the province. According to the basic law of the Ming Dynasty, each province had a member to manage the judicial affairs of the province. It is in charge of the administrative and judicial affairs of a province according to the two divisions, and is jointly responsible for the selection and assessment of officials of a province, military supplies, imperial examinations, etc. In each historical period, the social environment is not the same. Shunkang period was the period of the restoration and development of the Qing Dynasty. At this time, the main duties of the envoy were to stabilize the people's heart and encourage production, while the Chatsuke was mainly responsible for clearing up the local backlog cases and checking the local bandits and other affairs. In the prosperous times of Yong and Qian, the minister was mainly responsible for clearing up the local backlog of cases and checking the local bandits and bandits. The social situation was stable, and the two departments mainly handled their own affairs. The Qing Dynasty, which had entered the "declining world", was faced with the impact of the peasant uprising in the late years of the dynasty. Because of the invasion of the Western powers and the "unprecedented change of three thousand years", the Qing dynasty's rule went into decline. At that time, because of the vulnerability of the Green Barracks, it was difficult to resist the invasion of the Western powers outside, and it was difficult to resist the peasant movement led by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Qing government had to change course and adopt a new policy. One of them was the appointment of civil servants to lead the war. At this time, in order to effectively mobilize the army, the Qing government used more than two divisions to lead the troops to fight all over the country. After the second Opium War, with the development of the Westernization Movement, the two departments assisted in governing Western learning, making foreign equipment, and training new recruits. Some of the two departments even took charge of the Westernization affairs of their provinces directly. Business affairs. Especially in the negotiation between China and foreign countries, the two departments who know foreign affairs have played an important role in signing and exchanging contracts. During the reform of the late Qing Dynasty, the local administrative system was reformed in accordance with the idea of the separation of powers among the three powers in the West. The two divisions were further refined. In order to maintain local rule effectively, the Qing government, in the process of dealing with local affairs, timely adjusted the duties between the two departments, governors and Taoists, making them interdependent, mutually restricting and cooperating with each other in the handling of local affairs. Ensure the orderly operation of the local administrative system. As a result of the special social situation of the Qing Dynasty, the policy of selecting and appointing local officials has also changed. As important provincial administrators, the performance of the two departments is particularly outstanding. So that the role of local government officials gradually emerged. To sum up, the two departments were the middle class of the centralization system of the Qing Dynasty and the intermediate link of the realization of the central power. The existence of the two departments was not only conducive to the handling of local government affairs, but also strengthened the emperor's direct control over the governor and caress. At the same time, The participation of the two departments in foreign affairs, foreign affairs and military affairs in the political situation of the late Qing Dynasty made them have many connections with the modern politics, economy and culture, thus having a variety of influences on the evolution of the administrative system and the social changes in the late Qing Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K249

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