明清时期家教文化研究

发布时间：2018-03-22 09:38

本文选题：明清　切入点：家教文化　出处：《曲阜师范大学》2003年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 家教文化作为中国传统文化的重要组成部分，是伴随着社会的基本单元——家庭的出现而衍生的。它以大量的家训、家书为载体。在中国家教史上占有极其重要地位的明清家教文化，其繁盛是与特定的历史时代分不开的。明清时期君主专制达到顶峰，社会走向衰落，家教文化却异常兴盛。明清家教文化受实学思潮影响，出现通俗化趋向；随着资本主义萌芽产生和西方科技的不断传入，涌现出大量商人家训、科技家传等。一、明清家教文化的主要内容 1．修身养生 “修身、齐家、治国、平天下”是儒家思想的精华，通过立志、修身做人，进德修业，以实现治国平天下的伟大抱负。而修身治国的前提，则是养生贵生，在寿禄康宁中求得进取。 2．科举出仕隋唐时期兴起的选拔官吏的科举考试制度，到明清时期走向完备和标准化，这就产生了呆板的八股取士制度。在“学而优则仕”的时代，涌现出许多劝学勉学、应付考试的家教素材。 3．治生理财每个人或家庭都要生活在物质基础之上，尤其是那些士子学人之家，更需要讲求治生之道，谋求治生之业，设计好人生宏伟蓝图。 4．为人处世个人是社会群体中的一员，人只要生存于世，就要与他人相处，发生各种关系，诸如孝悌、交友、邻里、纳税、婚丧、为官等方面。 5．商贾家训明清商贾抵制传统轻商观，敬业乐群，伴随商品经济发展而不断壮大。不少文人官员也涉足商业，经商蔚然成风。商贾家教的主要内容是立志、读书、经商，当好学徒，练好基本功，遵行经商道德，力戒不良行径等。 6．科技家传明清时期伴随西学东渐思潮，传统的科技家传赋予了西学气息，产生了许多会通中西的科学家。同时，民间传艺活动开始冲击保守性，出现了许多工艺教本。 7．悯物好生、仁爱万物古人为追求天下和谐的理想境界，反对乱砍滥伐，主张爱惜物命，培养仁慈宽厚之。。’ 8．女子家教古代女子社会地位低，被剥夺了外出上学、继承财产等权利，只能在家中接受家庭教育，培养做孝女节妇、贤妻良母。二、明清时期的家教，体现出一些重要的原则和方法，诸如重视胎教、早教，言行一致，教爱结合，宽严相济，男女异教，困材施教，循序渐进，诚信无欺等原则和方法。三、明清家教文化，存在着亲和性、现实性、理想性、时代性、通俗性，深受实学思潮影响；同时也存在着阶级性、宿命论、重男轻女、忽略家庭互动、缺少性教育等局限。明清家教文化在中国家教史上起着承前启后的作用，其中有许多著述经常流于世面，对今人从事家庭教育产生一定影响。因而很有必要挖掘、整理一下家教遗产，为今天的家教工作提供借鉴，，为独生子女教育开启新思路，奏好人生教育的重要乐章。
[Abstract]:Tutor China culture as an important part of traditional culture, is accompanied by the emergence of social basic family unit derived. It takes a large number of instructions, letter as the carrier. China occupies an extremely important position in the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Tutor tutor culture, its prosperity is inseparable with the specific historical period. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties monarchy reached its peak, the decline of society, family education was extremely prosperous. The Ming and Qing Dynasties culture by the influence of pragmatism education, the tendency of being popularized; with the continuous introduction of capitalism and the western science and technology, the emergence of a large number of merchant family, technological family.
First, the main content of the culture of the Ming and Qing Dynasty
1. health and health care
"Self, family, country, the world is the essence of Confucianism by aspiration, cultivating a man, and to realize the great ambition to rule the world. The premise of self-cultivation of the rule of law, is your health, get ahead in life Lukang Ning.
2. imperial official
Sui and Tang Dynasties period of the rise of the official selection of the imperial examination system in the Ming and Qing Dynasties became mature and standard, which has eight shares of rigid admission system. In the "official" era, the emergence of many quanxue mianxue, exam tutoring material.
3. management of financial management
Everyone or family needs to live on material basis. Especially those families of scholars and scholars, we need to stress the way of governing life, seek the industry of managing life, and design the grand blueprint of life.
4. is a man's life
The individual is a member of the social group, as long as people live in the world, to get along with others, in all kinds of relations, such as filial piety, friends, neighbors, weddings, and other aspects of the tax official.
5. merchant family
The Ming and Qing Dynasties FAMILIESTHE merchant, sociables, with the development of commodity economy and the growing number of scholars. Officials are also involved in the business, the business has become common practice. The main content is to tutor merchants, reading, business, a good apprentice, enhancing basic skills, comply with business ethics, force
Bad behavior, etc.
6. well-known technology
With the trend of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the traditional technological family endowed with Western flavor,
Will produce many Western scientists. At the same time, folk art activities began to impact the conservative,
There are many technological textbooks.
7.: Well, love all
The ancients to pursue an ideal world of harmony, against deforestation, advocates cherishing lives,
Cultivate kindness and grace.
8. women's tutoring
The ancient women were low in social status and were deprived of their right to go to school, to inherit property, and so on.
Can accept family education at home, do we cultivate seppu, as an understanding wife and loving mother.
Two, the tutors in the Ming and Qing Dynasties showed some important principles and methods, such as attention
Early childhood, as fetal education, teach with love, justice with mercy, and paganism, trapped teaching material,
Step by step, good faith and no bullying, and other principles and methods.
Three, there is affinity, reality, ideality and times in the culture of the Ming and Qing Dynasty.
Popular, popular ideological trend influence; there is also a class of fatalism, heavy male light
Women, neglecting family interaction, lack of sex education and other limitations.
The culture of family education in the Ming and Qing Dynasties played an important role in the history of Chinese tutoring, among which there were many
Writing is often flowing to the world and has a certain influence on the family education. It is very necessary.
We should dig out the family teaching heritage and provide reference for today's tutor work for the only child.
Female education opens new ideas and plays an important part in life education.

【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K248

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