论宋代基层势力与基层社会控制

发布时间：2018-03-29 06:11

本文选题：宋代　切入点：基层势力　出处：《华东师范大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 宋代是中国古代重要的发展阶段。宋代基层社会势力,包括了两个方面的内容,一是代表宋政府的各类基层行政组织,二是代表了民间势力的精英、各类民间组织、佛道教及民间信仰。这些势力是国家与基层社会民众沟通的桥梁。本文围绕着基层社会的控制共分为四个部分展开论述。分别是宋代基层行政组织与基层社会控制,民间组织与基层社会控制,佛教、道教及民间信仰与基层社会控制,精英与基层社会控制。宋政府基层行政组织代表国家对基层社会进行控制,其偏重于征发赋役和维持治安,给民间势力留下了活动空间。宋政府以保甲长、耆长等行政组织头目实现国家对基层社会的赋税征收与社会治安管理。宋代基层社会控制不论基层行政组织形式发生怎样的变化,国家对其控制的主要目的就是为了获取赋税收入,以及维持基层社会正常秩序。在宋代基层社会中,除了基层行政组织以外,还活跃着各类以精英为主要成员的民间组织。宋代基层社会民间组织十分兴盛,许多组织都有自己的规约,这类规约往往会对其成员之间的相互关系作出规定,一旦其成员发生纠纷,握有规约解释权和执行权的民间组织首领就成了调解纠纷的民间权威。宋代多数民间组织与国家利益一致,在功能上是对基层行政组织的重要支持与补充。各种民间组织通过自己的方式将广大民众组织起来,或通过经济互助的方式缓解贫富差距,使积聚于基层社会的不安定因素得以释放,或以规约将成员的行为限定在国家法令许可的范围内,减少社会越轨现象的发生,或通过自保的方式使基层社会得以安定。各种民间组织与基层行政组织相互影响,相互渗透,共同维系着对基层社会的控制。在宋代的基层社会中,佛教、道教与民间信仰所构成的意识形态体系对于乡里民众的心理调适与行为的规范也有着重要的意义。宋代基层社会控制除了基层行政组织设置及其职能发挥外,以精英为代表的民间势力的崛起,并对基层社会控制产生了重要影响。精英不仅是国家赋税承担的主体,而且是地方公共事业的主要依靠力量,这决定了精英在基层社会中的主导性地位。精英广泛参与到基层社会控制中,既有承担国家差派而为基层头目者,也有利用宗族势力实现对宗族内部成员和乡里民众制约者,还有在社会动乱时期,利用自身在基层社会的影响力主动构建地方防护体系者。总之,精英对基层社会控制发挥了极其重要的作用,精英代表民间势力参与地方维护和社会控制,是国家控制基层社会的可靠力量和有益补充。
[Abstract]:The Song Dynasty was an important stage in the development of ancient China. The grass-roots social forces of the Song Dynasty included two aspects: one was the various grass-roots administrative organizations representing the Song government, the other was the elite of the folk forces and various kinds of non-governmental organizations. Buddhism, Taoism and folk beliefs. These forces are the bridge between the state and the grassroots people. This paper discusses the control of the grass-roots society in four parts, namely, the grass-roots administrative organizations and the grass-roots social control in the Song Dynasty. Non-governmental organizations and grass-roots social control, Buddhism, Taoism and folk beliefs and grass-roots social control, elite and grass-roots social control. The grass-roots administrative organizations of the Song government controlled the grass-roots society on behalf of the state, and their emphasis was on collecting and issuing taxes and conscribing and maintaining public order, leaving room for civil forces to operate. The leaders of the administrative organizations such as the Chief of the aged have realized the collection of taxes and the management of public security by the state on the grassroots society. No matter what changes have taken place in the form of the grass-roots administrative organizations in the Song Dynasty, The main purpose of state control is to obtain tax revenue and maintain social order at the grass-roots level. In the grass-roots society of the Song Dynasty, in addition to the grass-roots administrative organizations, there were also various civil organizations with the elite as the main members. The grass-roots social non-governmental organizations of the Song Dynasty were very prosperous, many of which had their own statutes. Such statutes often regulate the interrelationship between their members and, in the event of disputes among their members, The leaders of civil organizations who have the power to interpret and enforce the statutes have become the civil authority in the mediation of disputes. Most of the civil organizations in the Song Dynasty were in line with the national interests. Functionally, it is an important support and supplement to grass-roots administrative organizations. Various non-governmental organizations organize the broad masses of the people through their own means, or alleviate the gap between the rich and the poor by means of mutual economic assistance. To release the factors of instability accumulated at the grass-roots level, or to limit the behaviour of members to the extent permitted by national decrees, and to reduce the occurrence of social deviations, All kinds of non-governmental organizations and grass-roots administrative organizations influence each other, infiltrate each other, and maintain the control of grass-roots society together. In the grass-roots society of the Song Dynasty, Buddhism, The ideological system formed by Taoism and folk belief is also of great significance to the psychological adjustment and behavior of rural people. In the Song Dynasty, the grass-roots social control was not only the establishment of grass-roots administrative organizations, but also the exertion of their functions. The rise of folk forces, represented by the elite, has had an important impact on social control at the grass-roots level. The elite is not only the main body of the national tax burden, but also the main reliance force of the local public utilities. This determines the dominant position of the elite in the grassroots society. The elite participate extensively in the control of the grassroots society, not only those who bear the responsibility of the national elite and serve as the grassroots leaders, but also those who use clan influence to realize the restriction on the members of the clan and the people in the countryside. And in times of social unrest, those who take the initiative to build a local protection system by using their influence at the grass-roots level. In short, the elite has played an extremely important role in social control at the grass-roots level. Elite participation in local maintenance and social control on behalf of civil forces is a reliable force and beneficial supplement for state control of grass-roots society.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】