王夫之政论浅探

发布时间：2018-04-10 14:17

本文选题：王夫之 + 《读通鉴论》　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 王夫之(1619-1692),明末清初著名的思想家,哲学成就最为巨大。但他的著作中,政治思想也占了相当比重,其中尤以政论居多,主要集中体现在他的史论代表著作《读通鉴论》之中。王夫之的政治思想,肇因于对明王朝灭亡之教训的总结。晚明政治的极端腐败与清兵入关所带来的激烈的民族矛盾,促使他进行深刻的反省和冷静的思考。一方面,他反思明代覆亡的历史教训,将矛头直指君主专制独裁的集权政治;另一方面,通过对三千年中国政治史的考察与总结,他明确提出了一些卓有见地的政治主张,以维持封建统治的长治久安。本文将其政论进行了较为系统的发掘与阐述,以期批判地继承。其政论主要表现在四个方面:政体形态论、治国理念论、选用才俊论和政权稳定论。政治学说的核心问题是国家政权。王夫之继承儒家的传统思想,持护中央集权的国家,主张“尊君”,明确提出“尊君”的标准,但反对盲目的忠;提出了“君权相对论”;针对君主独裁政治所造成的弊病,王夫之进而提出了“分权众治”的政治主张,以为疗救之方;对于汉儒和宋儒神化专制权力的“君权天授”的“正统论”,他旗帜鲜明地提出了批评。但王夫之企图通过提倡尊君论来“正人心”,显然是非常迂腐和落后的。王夫之主张治国以儒家仁义为本,注重恩义,坚决反对权、势;针对孔子的“宽猛相济”,提出“严以治吏、宽以养民”的政治主张;高度重视封建法制建设,强调刑罚的重要性,但主张“综核”与“宽大”相结合。然而,王夫之反对革除旧法、另创新法的大规模改革运动,主张实行某些温和的点滴改良,体现他思想保守的一面。王夫之十分重视人才的发掘使用,认为“国无人而不可与立”;对于重用才俊的君王大加赞赏,对君王因用人不当而带来严重后果表示强烈的愤慨和严厉的批评;明确提出“论人之衡有三”,主张要从器、量、志三方面对人才加以考察,着重强调从实践中去考察人才;他非常重视铨选之法,主张推行乡举里选与征辟制度,打破九品中正制,实行科举取士。然而,王夫之的人才思想中存在鄙视商贾和其他低阶层出身的有才能的人的政治偏见。为了使政权得以稳定,王夫之主张慎顾命、谨储嗣,对于影响政权稳定的因素:宦官小人、后宫外戚、奸臣权臣、朋党等,均提出了与之对应的解决办法。从总体上而言,王夫之的政论是较为稳健、客观和辩证的,并已带有资产阶级启蒙的性质,是中国古代政治思想宝库中的一朵奇葩,给人启发很多,值得我们批判的总结与继承。
[Abstract]:Wang Fuzhi 1619-1692, a famous thinker in late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, had the greatest philosophical achievements.But in his works, political thought also accounted for a considerable proportion, especially in political theory, mainly reflected in his representative works of historical theory, "Reading the Theory of criticism".Wang Fuzhi's political thought was due to the summary of the lessons of the Ming Dynasty's demise.The extreme corruption of politics in the late Ming Dynasty and the fierce national contradiction brought by the entry of the Qing troops into the customs prompted him to carry out deep reflection and cool thinking.On the one hand, he reflected on the historical lessons of the fall of the Ming Dynasty and directed his spearhead at the totalitarian politics of the autocratic monarchy; on the other hand, by examining and summarizing the political history of China in 3000 years, he clearly put forward some insightful political opinions.In order to maintain the long-term stability of feudal rule.In this paper, his political theory is systematically explored and expounded in order to inherit critically.His political theory is mainly manifested in four aspects: the form of government, the idea of governing the country, the theory of talent and the theory of political stability.The core issue of political doctrine is the state power.Wang Fuzhi inherited the Confucian tradition, defended a centralized country, advocated "respecting the monarch," explicitly proposed the standard of "respecting the monarch," but opposed blind loyalty, proposed "monarchy relativity," and pointed out the maladies caused by monarchic dictatorship.Wang Fuzhi then put forward the political proposition of "separation of powers and public rule" as a remedy for salvation, and made a clear-cut criticism of the "orthodoxy" of the absolute power of the Han Confucianism and the Confucianism of the Song Dynasty.But Wang Fuzhi's attempt to "straighten the heart" by advocating respect for the monarch is obviously very pedantic and backward.Wang Fuzhi advocated that the state of the country should be based on Confucian benevolence and righteousness, pay attention to benevolence and righteousness, resolutely oppose power and power, and put forward the political proposition of "strictly governing officials and leniently cultivating the people" in view of Confucius's "generous and fierce punishment"; and attached great importance to the building of the feudal legal system.Emphasize the importance of punishment, but advocate the combination of "comprehensive nuclear" and "leniency".However, Wang Fuzhi opposed the mass reform movement of the old law and the new law, and advocated some mild little improvements, which reflected the conservative side of his thought.Wang Fuzhi attached great importance to the exploration and use of talents, held that "no one in the country can not stand with each other", greatly appreciated the reusing of talented kings, and expressed strong indignation and severe criticism for the serious consequences of improper use of personnel by kings.He made it clear that "on the balance of human beings there are three", advocated to examine the talent from the three aspects of equipment, quantity, and ambition, with emphasis on the examination of talents from practice; he attached great importance to the law of public election, and advocated the implementation of the system of selecting and recruiting people in townships.Break the nine out of the system, the imperial examination to take scholars.However, there is a political prejudice in Wang Fuzhi's talent ideology which despises businessmen and other talented people of low-class origin.In order to make the regime stable, Wang Fuzhi advocates careful care for the order, and stores the issue. For the factors that affect the stability of the regime, such as eunuchs, princes outside the palace, vassals and officials, punters, and so on, they all put forward corresponding solutions.On the whole, Wang Fuzhi's political theory is relatively steady, objective and dialectical, and has the nature of bourgeois enlightenment. It is a wonderful flower in the treasure house of ancient Chinese political thought, and it gives people a lot of inspiration.It is worth our criticism to sum up and inherit.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K248.3

【引证文献】