形式与本质：康乾时期中西礼仪之争中的文化冲突与权势较量

发布时间：2018-04-11 07:51

本文选题：康乾时期 + 中西交流　；参考：《辽宁师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 18世纪,欧洲社会在经济及文化领域已然发生了巨变。而同一时期的中国正处在康乾盛世之中,清朝统治者不断加强对海外贸易的限制。西方使团则纷纷来华以谋求商贸特权,除英国以外基本都遵行了“三跪九叩”的觐见礼仪。天主教传教士从明朝中期就开始进入中国传教。“利玛窦规矩”成为西方传教士在中国传教的基本方式。中国礼仪之争的焦点是对中国传统儒家礼仪性质的界定。利玛窦把中国的祭祖祀孔礼仪解释为世俗性的。这种解释的权宜性引发了耶稣会内部及耶稣会与天主教其它修会之间关于“中国礼仪”的争执。此时西方教廷对“中国礼仪”持谨慎态度。但当康熙帝在1700年以赞成中国传统礼仪的态度介入礼仪之争后,礼仪之争开始变成罗马天主教神权与中国君权之间的政治交锋。罗马教廷于1704年发布禁绝中国礼仪的教谕,并派遣铎罗主教来华传达教谕及将中国教区直接收归教廷管辖。1706年12月17日,康熙帝下达了驱逐令和领票令。至此中西礼仪之争完全演变成为罗马天主教教皇与中国皇帝之间对中国天主教控制权的争夺。当教廷使节嘉乐来华(于1720年11月27日抵京),重申其前述两点要求时;康熙皇帝采取强硬态度和措施,禁止西洋人在中国传教。西方有“政教分离”的思想而中国则相反,故而此次中西“礼仪之争”的本质是天主教神权和中国君权之间的权力争夺战。马戛尔尼使华时拒行“三跪九叩”之礼,引发了中英“觐见礼仪之争”。“觐见礼仪之争”的背后是中英“外交观念”的不同。盛清时期的中国在处理对外关系时,只存在朝贡制度一种模式。故而清王朝必然会主观地把英国归入朝贡体系之中。而英国则有“平等外交”观念,并在使华时处处强调这种观念。中英“觐见礼仪之争”的本质是中国和英国如何建构彼此的关系,即双方是按照朝贡体系的尊卑原则来建构中英之间的关系,还是按照西方的“平等外交”来相互交往。同时英国使团的商业使命与中国既定贸易秩序之间的矛盾,亦是当时中英之间的重要冲突。就“礼仪之争”对当时中国传统社会的影响来说。西方对中国“礼制”的冲击会动摇中国原有的政治秩序。并且此时的中西文化交流并未给中国带来近代化的主要元素。更有甚者,礼仪之争后西方对华印象的逐渐改变为其发动对华战争提供了借口。清朝统治者在处理中西关系的过程中,逐渐认识到了西方势力的威胁,故而对其严加防范;这正是其维护统治的需求,而不是“保守自大”的表现。实际上,中国和西方都认识到了双方在礼仪风俗上的不同,即便是西方人对礼仪之争亦有不同的理解。那么造成中西冲突的根源就并不仅仅是文化差异。文化冲突仅仅是权利争夺的屏障和借口。故此,“礼仪之争”所产生的后果及其责任似不应简单归咎于清朝统治者。
[Abstract]:In the 18 th century, European society has undergone great changes in the economic and cultural fields.At the same time, China was in the prosperous period of Kang and Qian dynasties, and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty strengthened their restrictions on overseas trade.Western missions have come to China in search of trade privileges, except Britain, they have followed the ritual of "three kneeling and nine kowtows".Catholic missionaries began to preach in China from the mid Ming Dynasty.Matteo Ricci rules became the basic way for Western missionaries to preach in China.The focus of the debate on Chinese etiquette is the definition of the nature of Chinese traditional Confucian etiquette.Matteo Ricci interpreted the ritual of sacrificing the ancestors of China as secular.The expediency of this interpretation led to disputes within the Jesuits and between the Jesuits and other Catholics about Chinese etiquette.At this time, the Western Holy see on the "Chinese etiquette" a cautious attitude.But when Emperor Kangxi intervened in politeness in 1700 in favor of Chinese traditional etiquette, the controversy began to become a political confrontation between Roman Catholic theocracy and Chinese monarchy.The Holy see issued an oracle banning Chinese etiquette in 1704, and sent the Bishop of Doruo to China to deliver the oracle and bring the Chinese diocese directly under the jurisdiction of the Holy see. On December 17, 1706, Emperor Kangxi issued an expulsion order and a vote order.So far, the dispute between Chinese and Western etiquette has completely evolved into a struggle between the Roman Catholic Pope and the Chinese emperor for the control of Chinese Catholicism.When Jiale Laihua, the Holy see envoy (arrived in Beijing on November 27, 1720, reiterated his two demands), Emperor Kangxi took a hard line and took measures to ban westerners from preaching in China.The west has the idea of "separation of state and religion" while China has the opposite. Therefore, the essence of the "etiquette dispute" between China and the West is the power struggle between the Catholic theocracy and the Chinese monarchy.Machaerney refused to practice the ceremony of "three kneeling and nine kowtows", which triggered the "debate on the etiquette of the audience" between China and Britain.Behind the controversy of audience etiquette is the difference between Chinese and British diplomatic concepts.There was only one mode of tributary system in dealing with foreign relations in the prosperous Qing Dynasty.Therefore, the Qing Dynasty will subjectively bring Britain into the tributary system.Britain, on the other hand, has the concept of "equal diplomacy", which is emphasized everywhere in China.The essence of the Sino-British "debate on etiquette of audience" is how to construct the relationship between China and Britain, that is, whether the two sides should construct the relationship between China and Britain according to the principle of the tributary system, or according to the "equal diplomacy" of the West.At the same time, the conflict between the British Mission's business mission and China's established trade order was also an important conflict between China and Britain at that time.In terms of the impact of the debate on etiquette on the traditional Chinese society at that time.The impact of the West on China's "etiquette" will destabilize China's original political order.And the cultural exchange between China and the West at this time did not bring China the main elements of modernization.Moreover, the gradual change of Western impression of China after the etiquette dispute provided an excuse for it to wage war against China.In the process of dealing with the relations between China and the West, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty gradually realized the threat of the Western forces and took strict precautions against them, which was the demand of their maintenance of the rule, not the expression of "conservative arrogance".In fact, both China and the West recognize the differences in etiquette and customs, and even Westerners have different understandings of etiquette disputes.Then the root of the conflict between China and the West is not just cultural differences.Cultural conflict is merely a barrier and excuse for the struggle for power.Therefore, the consequences and responsibilities of the politeness dispute should not be simply attributed to the rulers of the Qing Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】