宋代土贡初探

发布时间：2018-05-08 05:55

本文选题：宋代 + 土贡　；参考：《河北大学》2006年硕士论文

【摘要】：“土贡”是中国古代地方政府向统治者进贡土产的制度。土贡制度虽然起源得很早,但是严格意义上的“土贡”则在汉代初期贡、赋分离之后才出现。从此,“土贡”成为独立于国家正常赋税之外的一种皇室收入来源。宋代的土贡制度系继承前代的土贡制度而来,在管理、征收、运输、入库等方面和唐代都有相似之处。宋代的土贡大致可以分为两个种类:常贡和杂贡。常贡有一定数量、种类、时间的规定,杂贡则是“数外旁求”之贡,徽宗时期的“六尚局贡”也是杂贡中的一种。土贡一般是由户部管理的,制定有一定的“格”,以州一级的行政单位来征收。贡物主要来源于官府的收购、官办手工业的制造、专门贡户的生产以及强行役使民众制造。贡物的运输主要由发运使或转运使负责,而对于“口味贡”以及其他对时间要求比较苛刻的贡物则由各州军直接送往京城。元丰改官制后,贡物由太府寺负责存入内藏库。贡物的支用主要用于皇室的消费和“天地、宗庙、陵寝荐献”。宋代土贡的物品种类丰富,“纺织品”、“药物”占了很大的比重,所贡物品大多也都是当地的自然土产或著名手工业品。各地土贡物品的种类具有较强的稳定性,其变化往往和当地地理、经济环境的变化有关。南宋土贡中出现了“药物”、“日用品”等贡物大规模削罢和许多地方折银上贡的情况。宋代土贡表现出来的特点反映了宋代商品经济的繁荣发展。宋代土贡的经济意义虽不大,占国家财政收入的比例较小,但是扰民甚深,给人民生活和社会经济的发展带了破坏性的影响。
[Abstract]:"Tugong" is the ancient Chinese local government to pay tribute to the rulers of the system of local products. Although the system of Tugong originated early, it appeared in the early Han Dynasty after the separation of Fu. Since then, Tugong has become a source of royal income independent of the country's normal taxes. The system of Tugong in Song Dynasty was inherited from the system of Tugong in the previous generation. It was similar to the Tang Dynasty in the aspects of management, collection, transportation, storage and so on. The Tugong of Song Dynasty can be roughly divided into two kinds: Changgong and Zagong. Changgong has a certain number, kind and time, and Zagong is one of the tributaries in the period of Huizong. Tugong is generally managed by the Ministry of Housing, formulated with a certain "grid", to state-level administrative units to levy. The tribute mainly comes from the acquisition of the government, the manufacture of official handicraft industry, the production of special tribute households and the forced labor of the people. The transportation of tributes was mainly carried out or transferred to the capital, while the "taste tribute" and other tributes which were more demanding in time were sent directly to the capital by the state army. After Yuan Feng changed the official system, the tribute was deposited in the storehouse by Taifu Temple. Tributes are mainly used for royal consumption and "heaven and earth, temple, mausoleum recommended offering." In Song Dynasty, Tu Gong was rich in kinds of articles. "Textiles" and "drugs" occupied a large proportion, and most of them were local natural products or famous handicraft products. The variety of Tugong articles has strong stability, and its change is often related to the change of local geography and economic environment. "drugs", "daily necessities" and other tributes were cut off in the Southern Song Dynasty. The characteristics of Tu Gong in Song Dynasty reflect the prosperity and development of commodity economy in Song Dynasty. Although the economic significance of Tugong in the Song Dynasty is not significant, it accounts for a small proportion of the national financial revenue, but it deeply disturbs the people, which has a destructive effect on the people's life and the development of social economy.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】