明末清初松江士人与地方社会

发布时间：2018-05-09 12:45

本文选题：明末清初 + 松江　；参考：《复旦大学》2005年博士论文

【摘要】：本文主要探讨了明末清初社会变动时期,松江士人与地方社会的关系。在研究方法上,把士人群体放在明末清初地方社会的具体场景中,选取最典型的事例、最具有代表性的活动,如士人与明伦堂、地方社团、社会保障及地方史的书写来考察易代前后士人群体与地方社会关系的变化。就士人与明伦堂而言,明伦堂本是作为养士教化的场所,明中后期士人利用通学力量来影响地方政务,明伦堂逐渐成为士人活动的公共场所;而清初,学校更多的是教化之所。几社为松江士人的雅集,其成员在地方上极为活跃,在明末有着明显的经世意识,对社会问题进行品评;明清鼎革时,几社成员也参与到复明运动中;清初,几社成员或归隐、或入仕,其成员及其后辈仍继续社团的事业,只是在康熙年间大力打击社团势力时,社团才渐渐消散。在明末中央无力支持地方时,士人积极参与处理地方突发危机,进行社会保障,海塘修筑较多的是依靠地方精英势力,体现了地方支配;而清初海塘的修筑,更多的是由国家统一治理。士人在明末撰修府志时有着明显的地方倾向,敢于直言,对于地方事务多有评判,突显地方特色;在清代府志的编纂中,士人群体并没有太大的变化,参与修府志大多仍为几社成员,同时集合了所谓的贰臣、遗民、隐士以及新贵,但府志的撰写更多体现的是清中央一统的支配。明中后期,尤其是在万历以后,士人对地方社会的关注明显增加,一方面中央权力式微,对地方无力控制,另一方面在于此时士人上升相对困难,其经世抱负更多转为对地方社会的关注。社会的繁荣,政治的宽松,也为士人提供相对较好的环境,士人积极参与到地方事务中,对地方事务多有评论,其地方意识得到突显。而在清政权的中央一统下,士人对于地方事务多是依据中央的指令,士人负有创建性的活动明显减少,士人变得更加谨守绳墨。士人的转变,一方面在于外力推动,清中央对地方统治的强化,另一方面士人自身也表现了一种自主,不断调整以适应新的社会变化。在明末清初社会变动时期,士人参与地方事务的方式前后有了较大的变化,但士人群体没有太大的变动,基本上仍是士人及其家族后人。无论是明末地方支配、还是清初国家支配,士人延续了地方社会传统的精英角色意识。
[Abstract]:This paper mainly discusses the relationship between the Songjiang scholars and the local society during the social changes in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. In terms of research methods, the scholar group was placed in the concrete scene of local society in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and the most typical examples were selected, and the most representative activities, such as the scholars and the Ming Lun Tong, the local organizations, Social security and the writing of local history are used to investigate the changes of the social relations between the scholars and the local society before and after the change of generation. As far as the scholars and the Ming Lun Hall are concerned, the Ming Lun Hall was originally a place for the cultivation of scholars. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the scholars used the power of general knowledge to influence the local government affairs, and the Ming Lun Hall gradually became a public place for scholars' activities; in the early Qing Dynasty, the schools were more places of enlightenment. Several societies are elegant collections of the Songjiang scholars, whose members are extremely active in local areas, and have a clear sense of social experience in the late Ming and Qing dynasties. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the members of several societies also participated in the restoration movement; in the early Qing Dynasty, the members of several societies or recluses were retired. Or their members and their successors continue the cause of the club, only in the Kangxi years when the strong fight against the power of the community gradually dissipated. In the late Ming Dynasty, when the central authorities were unable to support the localities, the scholars took an active part in dealing with the sudden local crises and carrying out social security. The construction of seawalls depended more on the local elite forces and embodied the local domination; while in the early Qing Dynasty, the construction of seawalls was carried out. More by the unified governance of the country. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the scholars had a distinct local tendency to write and build the government official, so they dared to speak frankly, and they had more judgments on local affairs and highlighted the local characteristics. In the compilation of the official records of the Qing Dynasty, there was no great change in the group of scholars. Most of them are still members of several societies, and they gather together the two ministers, the recluse, the hermit and the upstarts, but the writing of the prefects mostly reflects the domination of the central government of the Qing Dynasty. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, especially after Wanli, the scholars' attention to the local society increased markedly. On the one hand, the central power declined and the local authorities were unable to control it; on the other hand, it was relatively difficult for the scholars to rise at this time. His ambition to run the world more attention to the local society. The prosperity of the society and the loosening of politics also provided a relatively good environment for the scholars. The scholars took an active part in the local affairs and had more comments on the local affairs, and their local consciousness was highlighted. Under the unification of the central government of the Qing Dynasty, the scholars mostly relied on the instructions of the central government for local affairs, and their creative activities were obviously reduced, and the scholars became more cautious in observing the ropes and ink. On the one hand, the change of scholars lies in the promotion of external forces and the strengthening of local rule by the central government of the Qing Dynasty. On the other hand, the scholars themselves also showed a kind of independence and constantly adjusted to adapt to the new social changes. In the period of social change in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the way of scholars participating in local affairs had great changes before and after, but there was no great change in the group of scholars, basically, they were still scholars and their descendants. Whether local domination in late Ming Dynasty or early Qing Dynasty, scholars continued the traditional elite role consciousness of local society.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K248.3;K249.2

【引证文献】