宋代两湖地区民间强势力量与地域秩序

发布时间：2018-05-10 18:35

本文选题：宋代 + 两湖地区　；参考：《武汉大学》2005年博士论文

【摘要】：由唐到宋,中国社会发生了巨大的变革,其中一个重要的方面就是社会主导阶层的变迁,即以地方精英为主的民间强势力量的兴起。二十世纪八十年代以来,围绕地方精英为主的地方势力成为学术研究的一个热点。这种研究是放在国家与社会之间的公共领域中进行,那么作为国家与社会之间的“中间阶层”,可以扩展到整个民间强势力量。民间强势力量指在一定的地域空间内,具有某种资源优势而又非政府性的人与群体。所谓资源,或者是经济资源,或者是文化资源,或者是社会资源。本文主要讨论富族和士族。富族拥有经济资源,可以是地主,也可以是商人;士族拥有文化和社会资源,也可能同时具有经济资源,可以是官僚,也可以是未入仕的儒生。相对于平民百姓,富族和士族属于强势群体,可以凭借自己的优势资源对基层社会施加强有力的影响,而在民间强势力量中,士人又居于中心的地位。唐宋变革存在着地域差异,经济最发达的东南地区是唐宋变革的典型代表,也是学界研究的重点区域,同处南方的湖南、湖北在经济上并不发达,也成了学界研究的盲区。东南地区的典型形象不能代表唐宋变革期社会形态的全部,只有弄清各个区域的实貌,才能得出一个丰满而真实的全景图像。本文的研究思路为:以两湖地区为立足点,在理清两湖地区民间强势力量生存形态的基础上,比较湖南与湖北的差异,以及两湖地区与东南发达地区的差异,进而揭示唐宋变革的区域差异和社会转型的某些规律。宋代两湖地区有不少传统富族,但以新兴富族为多,富族的终极目标是成为士族。宋代的科举考试看似公平,但实际上仍是富族和士族的游戏。一个富族要成为士族,需要在两方面努力,一是自身的良好教育,有成为儒者的资本,二是与官僚士族建立广泛的关系,从而融入士人社会。从事科举的巨大成本,使得普通农民很难直接向士族转化,一般的富族也需要有周密的安排,即使是特大富族,如果在向士族的转化过程中忽视产业经营,也会耗尽家产。经济资源、文化资源与社会资源可以互相转化,士人成就的大小与其社会总资源(包括经济资源、文化资源与社会资源)成正比。在三种资源中,经济资源最为稳定,而社会资源最不稳定。真正的士族世家是三种资源的完美结合,宋代两湖士族世家很少,原因在于很多成功士族失去了经济资源。虽然也有北宋安州的人文鼎盛,南宋醴陵的士人群体意识,但总体说来,宋代两湖地区自身的士人社会都不够发达,对外依附性很强。那些成功士人,或者祖籍不在两湖,或者成功之后迁居于开封、洛阳之间以及江浙发达地区;标示着
[Abstract]:From Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty, great changes have taken place in Chinese society. One of the important aspects is the change of social leading stratum, that is, the rise of the strong folk power with the local elite as the main body. Since the 1980 s, the local forces around the local elite have become a hot spot in academic research. This kind of research is carried out in the public sphere between the state and the society, so as the "middle class" between the state and the society, it can be extended to the whole folk power. The strong folk power refers to the people and groups with some resource superiority and non-government in a certain regional space. So-called resources, or economic resources, or cultural resources, or social resources. This paper mainly discusses the rich and the literati. Rich people have economic resources, can be landlords or businessmen; the gentry have cultural and social resources, and may have economic resources at the same time. They can be bureaucrats or unappointed Confucian students. Compared with the common people, the rich and the literati belong to the powerful group, and they can exert a strong influence on the grass-roots society by virtue of their own superior resources, and in the strong folk power, the scholars occupy the central position. There are regional differences in the transformation of Tang and Song dynasties. The most developed southeast region is the typical representative of the transformation of Tang and Song dynasties, and also the key area of academic research. Hunan, which is located in the south, Hubei is not developed economically and has become the blind area of academic research. The typical image of southeast area can not represent the whole social form of the transformation period of Tang and Song dynasties. Only by making clear the real appearance of each region can we get a full and true panoramic image. The research idea of this paper is to compare the differences between Hunan and Hubei, and the differences between the two lakes and the southeast developed regions, on the basis of clarifying the survival patterns of the strong folk forces in the two lakes, and taking the two lakes as the foothold. Then it reveals the regional differences of the Tang and Song dynasties and some laws of social transformation. There were many traditional rich tribes in the two lakes of Song Dynasty, but the new rich people were the most, and the ultimate goal of the rich people was to become the literati. The imperial examination in the Song Dynasty seemed fair, but in fact it was still a game of the rich and the gentry. It is necessary for a rich family to become a scholar in two aspects: one is its own good education, the other is the capital to become a Confucian, and the other is to establish a broad relationship with the bureaucratic clan and thus integrate into the society of scholars. The huge cost of the imperial examination makes it difficult for ordinary peasants to transform directly to the gentry, and the general rich people also need to have careful arrangements. Even if the extremely rich people ignore the industrial management in the process of transformation to the gentry, they will also exhaust their property. Economic resources, cultural resources and social resources can be transformed mutually, and the achievements of scholars are directly proportional to their total social resources (including economic resources, cultural resources and social resources). Among the three kinds of resources, economic resources are the most stable, and social resources are the most unstable. The real family is the perfect combination of three kinds of resources. The reason is that many successful families lost their economic resources. Although there was also the culture of Anzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty and the group consciousness of the scholars in Liling of the Southern Song Dynasty, generally speaking, the society of the scholars in the two lakes of the Song Dynasty was not developed enough, and their dependence on foreign countries was very strong. The successful scholars, whose ancestral home was not in the two lakes, or after success, moved to Kaifeng, Luoyang and the developed areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, indicating that
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K244.07

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