宋代“系官田产”研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 08:14

本文选题：宋代 + 系官田产　；参考：《厦门大学》2003年博士论文

【摘要】： 众所周知，土地制度是中国古代经济制度中最重要的制度之一，历来为统治阶级所重视。因之也成为治史者攀援的一根藤，循之以寻历史发展之根源。本文试图从制度变迁的角度对宋代“系官田产”这一国有土地制度及其对社会、经济生活的影响进行初步研究。全文共分四章。第一章阐述宋代“系官田产”的范围、类型、来源及其产权变动。从广义上讲，，“系官田产”等同于“官田”，本文取其广义。宋代“系官田产”表现出类型多样化、来源多元化的特点。从所有权的角度看，宋代“系官田产”的类型可分为完全国有的田产(如官庄、荒田、屯营田、公廨田、没官田、河滩沙涂田、监牧地等)、暂时“系官”田产(在一定期限内由国家托管、但所有权仍属原业主私有的逃田)、由私有转为国有的田产(如户绝田产)、国家所有而为官员个人经营收益的田产(如职田)、国家所有而为各地学府使用的田产(部分学田)。第二章论述“系官田产”的租佃关系。首先论述“系官田产”经营方式的变化，分析变化的原因。通过量化分析，认为“系官田产”经营方式变化的主要原因在于宋朝国家为获得更多的经济收益。其次，在前人研究的基础上，集中地论述“系官田产”的租佃制度的发展。认为在“系官田产”上契约租佃制进一步发展，租赁中将“凭据”称为“契约”，体现了人们在商品经济发展中对法制的呼声日益强烈。“二地主”的增多，也使“系官田产”上契约租佃制比唐代更发达，同时，包佃制不是法律所规定的，而是政府对既定事实的认可。宋代“系官田产”的定额地租剥削高于唐代，选择定额租是为了降低官府的经营成本、规避风险；选择分成租具有发展生产及解决大量浮客的生存问题等社会意义。关于宋代“系官田产”的佃作者，认为与唐代相比，“二地主”的成分增多，由于宋朝划分主客户标准发生了变化，客户的人身依附关系减轻。本章关注了其他学者论述不多的“系官田产”的“抑勒”现象，分析了“抑勒”的原因：主要在于有地却无人耕、官府对高额地租的追求及蠲免制度和赋税征收体制不健全等。认为“抑勒”只出现在一小部分田产上，由“抑勒”而产生的人身依附关系的加重在宋代“系官川产”研究 “系宫田产”的租佃关系中不占主导地位。第三章论述“系官田产”产权的无偿转化和有偿转化。指出在“系官田产”租佃经营过程中，政府为了节省管理费用，也为了鼓励地方农业经济的发展、增加财政收入，在一些地方允许部分田产无偿转化为佃作者的“己业”。其中为“己业”的田产中分为有所有权的和仅有使用权的，政府让百姓出钱购买有使用权的部分才意味着将国有产权完全转化为私有产权。文中论述宋代出卖“系官田产”的过程及其原因，并对佃权转移作了分析。认为出于经济原因的佃权转移是宋代租佃制度发展的表现，一般来说会促进租佃制的进一步发展，而强制性的佃权转移—刻佃无疑会阻碍租佃制度的发展。第四章探讨宋代“系官田产”中“亲邻关系”的变化，从产权关系与亲邻关系相互影响的角度立论。认为当一些私有田产转为国有之后，它们原来的“亲邻关系”并没有消失，政府在租佃或出卖这些田产时，必然面临如何处理“亲邻关系”的问题。从北宋到南宋，与私有田产相比，“系官田产”的“亲邻关系”相对淡化。文中分析淡化的原因，主要在于商品经济下人们对更多经济利益的追求、产权(包括所有权和佃权)不断转换、以及户口不断迁移等。并指出“亲邻关系”的淡化使“系官田产”的佃卖更加自由、频繁、迅速，而这些反过来会更加淡化其“亲邻关系”。
[Abstract]:As we all know, the land system is one of the most important systems in the ancient Chinese economic system and has always been paid attention to by the ruling class. Because of it, the land system has also been the root of the historical development. This article tries to study the state land system and its society and economy in the Song Dynasty from the angle of institutional change. The impact of life is preliminarily studied.
The full text is divided into four chapters.
In the first chapter, the scope, types, sources and changes in property rights of the "department officer field" in the Song Dynasty are described. In a broad sense, the "Department official field" is equivalent to the "official field". This article takes its broad sense. The "Department official field" in the Song Dynasty shows a variety of types and the characteristics of pluralism. From the perspective of ownership, the type of "Department official's field" can be divided into the Song Dynasty. Completely state owned fields (such as government and village, wasteland, Tuen Ying Tian, Gong Tian Tian, unofficial field, river beach sand field, prison land, etc.), temporary "department officer" field (in a certain period of time managed by the state, but the ownership still belongs to the private refuge of the original owner), the private transfer to the state-owned field production (such as the household), the state owned and operated for the official income of the field. Produce (such as field), owned by the state and used by local colleges and universities (part of the field).
The second chapter discusses the tenancy relationship of the "Department official field". First, it discusses the changes in the management mode of the "Department official field" and analyzes the reasons for the change. By quantitative analysis, the main reason for the change of the management mode of the "Department official's field" is that the state of the Song Dynasty is to gain more economic benefits. The development of the tenancy system of the "Department official field" thought that the contract tenancy system was further developed in the "Department official field". The lease "credentials" was called "contract", which reflected the increasingly strong voice of the legal system in the development of commodity economy. The increase of "two landlords" also made the contract tenancy system more likely than the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, the tenancy system is not stipulated by the law, but the government's recognition of the established facts. The quota rent exploitation of the "Department officials in the Song Dynasty" is higher than that of the Tang Dynasty. The choice of the quota rent is to reduce the operation cost of the government and avoid the risk, and choose the social significance of sharing the renting with the development and production and solving the existence of a large number of floating passengers. In the Song Dynasty, the tenant author of "Department official field" believes that, compared with the Tang Dynasty, the composition of the "two landlords" is increasing. Because of the changes in the standard of the main customers in the Song Dynasty, the dependence of the customers is reduced. The government's pursuit of high land rent and the imperfection of the system of exempting and exempting taxes are not perfect.
The study of "Chuan Guan Chuan" in the Song Dynasty
The relationship between the tenants and the tenants is not dominant.
The third chapter discusses the free conversion and paid transformation of the property rights of "official land production".
In the process of operation, the government increases financial revenue in order to save management costs and encourage the development of local agricultural economy.
In some places, some fields are allowed to be converted into tenants' own businesses without compensation.
Divided into ownership and the right to use only, the government allows the people to pay for the right to use part of the country.
Property rights are completely transformed into private property rights. This article discusses the process and reasons for selling the official property in Song Dynasty.
The transfer of the right of tenancy is analyzed. It is considered that the transfer of the right of tenancy for economic reasons is the manifestation of the tenancy system in the Song Dynasty.
It will promote the further development of the tenancy system, and the forced transfer of tenancy will undoubtedly hinder the tenancy system.
Development.
The fourth chapter discusses the change of "neighborhood relationship" in the Song Dynasty's "official land production", from the relationship between property right and neighbor relationship.
From the point of view of mutual influence, it is believed that after the transfer of some private land into state ownership, their original "neighbour relations" and
If the government does not disappear, the government will inevitably face the problem of "neighbour relations" when tenant or sell these fields.
From the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, compared with the private land production, the "neighborhood relationship" of "official farmland production" was relatively desalinated.
The main reason for this is the pursuit of more economic interests in the commodity economy, including ownership and tenancy.
Constantly changing the right, and constantly moving accounts, etc., and points out that the dilution of "neighbour relations" has made the "official production".
Tenancy sales are more free, frequent and rapid, which in turn will weaken their "neighborhood relationship".

【学位授予单位】：厦门大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】