呼和浩特市房地研究（1632-1937）

发布时间：2018-05-12 14:41

本文选题：清代 + 民国　；参考：《南开大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：本文所研究的“呼和浩特”是指今天的呼和浩特市，以玉泉区、新城区、回民区、赛罕区四区为探讨范畴，时间断限是1632年至1937年。追溯历史，清代的呼和浩特由相距五里的归化城、绥远城二城组成。归化城源自明代中后期的蒙古土默特阿拉坦汗始建的库库和屯，绥远城是乾隆四年（1739）竣工的驻防八旗满城。民国时期，城市房地拓展，由归化城和绥远城基本连成一体的城市名称变为归绥市。将历史上的呼和浩特房地问题放置在城市空间里讨论，清代和民国时期，房地发展经历了不同状态。全文共分三个部分，九章内容。叙述和分析了不同时期，不同状态下，呼和浩特房地发展的内容，特点，以探究这一演变的实质和意义。清代时期，归化城房地有二层权属。土地属于国有，归化城土默特部有占有权。房地掌握在以归化城土默特上层为主的蒙古部落和清廷支持的召庙手中。随着清政权的渗透，又出现了一部分官地。随着内地移民的涌入，房地产业迅速发展，蒙古部落和召庙房地是清廷以户口地和香火地方式赐予蒙古土默特左右翼和召庙的，不允许蒙民交产，所以民间和召庙房地产业以租赁为主。租赁以约定俗成的契约方式进行，从契约来看，房地租赁许退不许夺，租户在契约关系中掌控很大权力。尽管不允许蒙民交产，由于互有经济需求，中央对呼和浩特民间房地管理不完善，民间房地交易市场一直存在，形成一定规模的蒙民房地产业主。官房产业的出现主要是为弥补办公经费的不足，实行严格的四柱清册上报理藩院制度，受中央宏观调控。清代乾隆四年修建的绥远城，由清政府筹划、派员、资金，全权修建。城堡及城内所有设施均属国有，绥远城房地的规划、规模、布局、质量、维修，都由中央严格控制，地方政府委托进行。随着政局调整，房地的变价售卖由以绥远城将军、归化城副都统，以及管理绥远城经济事务的绥远城理事同知，或者绥远城理事同知的上级机构山西抚政参与进行。不允许旗民交产，旗民交产在民间私自进行。绥远城内的房地产业主要是满足城内八旗及眷属生活所需设置铺房出租，房地租赁实行四柱清册制度，上报户部，由清政府严格管理。房地租银作为绥远城财政的一部分，用于绥远城内部开支。清末，清政府实行新政，在蒙古地区实行垦务政策。针对已经形成的归化城、绥远城房、地权属的复杂情况，清中央和地方政府开始了对房地的清理整顿。清末实行的房地印花捐，以及绥远城将军贻谷进行的归化城房地清理登记，颁发印照事宜，从法律上认可了归化城蒙民交产，确认了房、地权属分离。绥远城房地经过绥远省官产清理处入手，制定官产清理二十二条，官房一律变价私有，完成绥远城房地权属国有向私有化转移，确认了房、地权属分离。在制度上，这些房地整顿清理工作使归化城和绥远城消除了界限，城市趋向一体化。清至民国初年，归化城房地移民化形成，绥远城房地私有化。在这个过程中，，中央权力不断以各种方式渗透，甚至直接主宰房地产业，地方政府则加大对房地的控制权力，强化国家认同。土著居民房地不断收缩，移民房地占据主要地位，近代移民化城市形成。
[Abstract]:The "Hohhot" studied in this paper refers to today's Hohhot City, with Yuquan District, new urban area, Hui Min District and Saihan district four areas as the discussion category. The time limit is from 1632 to 1937. The history of Hohhot was traced, the Hohhot of the Qing Dynasty was composed of five miles of domestication city and two cities in Suiyuan city. The naturalization City originated from the late Ming Dynasty and the late Ming Dynasty, Mongolia TUMT. Ratanhan began to build a library and Tuen, Suiyuan city is the garrison in the four years (1739) of Qianlong (1739). During the period of the Republic of China, the urban housing development, the city name of the city and Suiyuan city was basically integrated into the city of suisui. The historical Hohhot housing problem was placed in the city space to discuss, the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period, the development of the real estate. The full text is divided into different states. The full text is divided into three parts and nine chapters. The contents and characteristics of the development of Hohhot real estate in different periods and different states are described and analyzed in order to explore the essence and significance of this evolution.
During the Qing Dynasty, there were two layers of ownership in the home of the naturalization city. The land belonged to the state, and the Ministry of domesticate had the right of possession. The real estate was held in the hands of the Mongolia tribe and the temple supported by the Qing court. The Mongolia tribe and the temple of the temple were given to the left and right wing and temple of Mongolia by the residence of Hukou and the place of fragrant fire, which did not allow the Mongolian people to give birth, so the folk and the temple estate industry was based on lease. The lease was carried out in a compact manner. From the contract, the lease of the real estate was not allowed to be retreated and the tenants were in control of the contractual relationship. In spite of the economic demand, the central government is not perfect in the management of private housing in Hohhot, and the private housing market has always existed to form a certain scale of real estate owners. The emergence of the official housing industry is mainly to make up for the shortage of office funds and implement a strict four column inventory to the vassal court. The system is regulated by the central government.
The city of Suiyuan, built in the four years of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, was planned by the Qing government, personnel, funds and full power. All the facilities in the castle and the city belong to the state. The planning, scale, layout, quality and maintenance of the house in Suiyuan city were strictly controlled by the central government and the local government commissioned it. With the adjustment of the political situation, the price of the real estate was sold by the general and Naturalization city of Suiyuan city. The vice capital, and Suiyuan City, which manages Suiyuan city's economic affairs, is the same as Suiyuan city of Suiyuan City, or the superior institution of the same knowledge of Suiyuan City, Shanxi caress the government. It does not allow the flag people to hand in the production, and the flag people pay the output in private. The real estate industry in Suiyuan city is mainly to meet the eight flags and the dependents of the city to set up the house rental and the rental of the real estate. The implementation of the four column inventory system was reported to the Ministry of Finance and strictly controlled by the Qing government. The rent of housing and land rent as part of Suiyuan city's finance is used for Suiyuan's internal expenses.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government implemented the new policy and carried out the policy of reclamation in the Mongolia area. In view of the complicated situation of the formed domestication City, Suiyuan city house and the land rights, the Qing Central and local governments began to clean and rectify the real estate. As a matter of law, the house was recognized by law, and the property rights were separated. In Suiyuan City, twenty-two articles were cleared through the cleaning office in Suiyuan Province, and the official houses were changed to private. The property rights of Suiyuan city were transferred from state-owned to privatization, and the house was separated. In the system, these houses were rectified. The clean-up work has removed the boundaries between Guihua city and Suiyuan City, and the city has been integrated.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the housing migration in the Guhua city was formed and the housing of Suiyuan city was privatized. In this process, the central power was constantly permeated by various ways, even directly dominated the real estate industry, the local government increased the control of the real estate and strengthened the national identity. Immigrant cities are formed.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F299.29;K249

【参考文献】