明清朝贡体制的两种实践（1840年前）

发布时间：2018-05-15 10:46

本文选题：朝贡体制 + 明清时期　；参考：《暨南大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：中国传统应对外部世界的制度称为朝贡体制。朝贡体制有着两种实践走向：一为“怀柔外夷”的实践；一为“保持自主性”的实践。16世纪欧洲人东来之前，朝贡体制一直实践着“怀柔外夷”的主题，并建立了远东“华夷秩序”。这一秩序可以分为三个模式：全面学习的模式；追求朝贡贸易利益的模式；既学习又挑战的模式。明清时期，欧洲人东来后，中国与葡萄牙和英国于1840年前的交锋，拉开了朝贡体制“保持自主性”实践的序幕。葡萄牙和英国对朝贡体制的挑战，表现在他们向中国政府提出了四个方面的要求：居留地问题；行政管辖权问题；刑事裁判权问题；天主教传播问题。葡萄牙最终采取了屈从的姿态，中国政府因此对其要求给予了一定妥协，但最终掌握了控制权。英国则拒绝臣服，中国政府因此对其要求一应拒绝。可以说，1840年前，朝贡体制“保持自主性”实践获得了成功。 1840年后，英国以战争的方式继续挑战朝贡体制，朝贡体制“保持自主性”实践进入实质性实践阶段，这一主题一直贯穿了中国近现代历史。本文提出朝贡体制有两种实践走向的观点，旨在探索中国历史的连续性及中国历史的主体性。
[Abstract]:The traditional system of Chinese response to the outside world is called tributary system. The tributary system has two practical trends: one is the practice of "Huairou Ouyi"; the other is the practice of "keeping autonomy" .before the Europeans came to the east in the 16th century, the tributary system always practiced the theme of "Huairou Ouyi". And established the far East "Hua Yi order". This order can be divided into three models: the comprehensive learning model, the pursuit of tributary trade benefits and the model of both learning and challenge. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, after Europeans came to the east, the confrontation between China and Portugal and Britain before 1840 opened the prelude to the practice of "maintaining autonomy" in the tributary system. Portugal and Britain's challenges to the tributary system are manifested in their demands on the Chinese government in four aspects: residence; administrative jurisdiction; criminal jurisdiction; and Catholicism. Portugal finally took a subservient stance, so Beijing gave in to its demands, but ultimately took control. Britain refused to submit, and the Chinese government therefore rejected its demands. It can be said that before 1840, the tributary system was successful in the practice of maintaining autonomy. After 1840, the British continued to challenge the tributary system by way of war, and the practice of "maintaining autonomy" of the tributary system entered the stage of substantive practice. This theme has been running through the modern history of China. This paper points out that the tributary system has two practical trends, aiming at exploring the continuity of Chinese history and the subjectivity of Chinese history.
【学位授予单位】：暨南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】