清代常关与区域经济

发布时间：2018-05-16 16:39

本文选题：清代 + 常关　；参考：《上海师范大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】： 近年来学术界对区域经济的研究方兴未艾，成果不断涌现。但以往研究所用资料，多为描述性的文献，缺少比较准确的商品流通量，因而不同学者即使对同一经济区域的研究，所得结论也相差甚大。本文主要利用中国第一历史档案馆所藏的关税税收档案，运用长时段与短时段，实证与计量分析相结合的方法，以常关和区域经济之间的关系为中心，探讨清代常关制度的发展与演变以及区域经济格局的变化。中国关税起源很早，但明代以前，关税的财政作用不突出。明代钞关的设立，有着明显的财政目的，尽管其财政地位还不突出，但从关税的发展看，处于承前继后的地位。清政府不仅继承了明代的钞关制度，并且进行了许多重要创新，从而形成了一套远比明代钞关制度规范的清代常关制度。关税收入也日益成为清政府的一项重要财政收入。清朝常关的设立与发展，客观上反映了全国范围内，长距离商品流通的繁荣和区域经济的发展程度，作为征收长途商品流通税的常关，也与全国经济布局的变化相一致。在常关与清前期区域经济的关系方面。本文对清代不同时期沿海、沿长江、沿运河、沿淮河、沿边等众多常关税收变化，进行了详细考察，着力探讨各经济区域商品流通的变化与发展。清代前期大规模的商品流通，使地区之间建立了密切的经济联系，使各区域调整经济布局、优化资源配置成为可能，从而将处于不同发展阶段的各个经济区域，联结成一个有机整体。清代前期，中国经济格局呈现出发展的趋势。本文还通过对一口通商时期常关税收的变化，，考察清代区域经济格局的变化状况。清政府实行一口通商的原因，主要是为了严格管理外贸，以维护国家安全和社会稳定。更重要的是，中国国内统一市场体系的建立和完善，使大国经济对海外贸易依赖有限。一口通商时期的初期，常关税收有一个较大增长，后期税收有所下降。但从税收变化所反映出的商品流通看，一口通商时期的清代经济，总体而言，仍循着原有轨迹继续向前发展。近代以后，常关税收急剧下降。它是伴随着民族危机的加深、关税自主权的日益丧失、近代贸易格局的变迁而不断衰落的。海关税、子口税、厘金的开征以及海关吞并常关，是导致常关衰落的具体原因。清政府对常关的改革，整体而言，见效甚微。在国家主权丧失的条件下，常关改革与其他改革一样，必然陷于失败，这是清政府无法解决的问题。但是，近代以后各区域市场商品流通中，最为活跃的是进出口商品，使海关所属常关税收有明显增加；厘金也在增长。清末常关税收，表面看，在不断衰落，但实际上仍在增长，只不过这种增长，曲折地反映在厘金和子口税的增长上。如果换一个视角看，清末常关税实际上是变态地发展着。正是常关存在的经济基础，没有发生根本转型，所以，直至20世纪30年代前，常关税与厘金一样，依然是民国政府的重要财源之一。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the research of the regional economy is in the ascendant and the results are constantly emerging in the academic circles. However, the previous research materials are mostly descriptive literature and lack more accurate circulation of commodities. Therefore, the conclusions of different scholars even to the same economic region are very different. This paper mainly uses the collection of the first history archives in China. The customs and tax archives, using the method of combining the long period and the short period, the empirical and the econometric analysis, takes the relationship between the Chang Guan and the regional economy as the center, and probes into the development and evolution of the regular customs system in the Qing Dynasty and the change of the regional economic pattern.
The origin of Chinese customs duties was very early, but before the Ming Dynasty, the fiscal role of customs duties was not outstanding. The establishment of the Ming Dynasty banknote has obvious financial purposes. Although its financial status is not outstanding, it is in the position of inheriting and succeeding from the development of customs duties. The Qing government not only inherited the system of the Ming Dynasty, but also carried out a number of important innovations. It has become a common customs system in the Qing Dynasty, which is far more clear than that in the Ming Dynasty. Customs revenue has also become an important financial revenue of the Qing government.
The establishment and development of the common customs in the Qing Dynasty objectively reflected the prosperity of the long distance commodity circulation and the development of the regional economy in the whole country. As a common customs clearance of the tax of long distance commodities, it was also consistent with the change of the national economic distribution.
In the relationship between changguan and the early Qing Dynasty, this paper makes a detailed investigation on the changes in the tax changes along the Yangtze River, along the Yangtze River, along the canal, along the Huaihe and along the border, and tries to explore the changes and development of the circulation of commodities in various economic regions. Economic linkages make it possible to adjust the distribution of the economy and optimize the allocation of resources in all regions, thus integrating each economic region in different stages of development into an organic whole. In the early Qing Dynasty, China's economic pattern showed a trend of development.
This paper also investigates the changes in the regional economic pattern in the Qing Dynasty by changing the tax revenue in the period of a commercial period. The reason for the Qing government to carry out a business is mainly for the strict management of foreign trade in order to maintain national security and social stability. More importantly, the establishment and improvement of the unified market system in China has made the great power economy to the sea. Foreign trade is easy to rely on.
In the early period of a business period, there was a big increase in tax revenue and a decline in the later tax revenue. However, from the view of the circulation of goods, the Qing economy in the period of the business period, in general, continued to move forward following the original trajectory.
After modern times, the tax revenue declined sharply. It was accompanied by the deepening of the national crisis, the increasing loss of the tariff autonomy and the decline of the modern trade pattern. The customs tax, the mouth tax, the Levy of Li Jin and the customs annexation of the customs were the specific reasons for the decline of the customs.
As a whole, the Qing government has little effect on the reform of Chang Guan. Under the condition of the loss of state sovereignty, Chang Guan reform, like other reforms, will inevitably fall into failure. This is a problem that the Qing government can not solve.
However, in the circulation of commodity markets in modern times, the most active commodity circulation is the import and export commodities, which makes the customs tax revenue increase obviously; the tax is also growing. In the end of the Qing Dynasty, the tax revenue is constantly on the decline, but it is still growing, but this growth is only zigzag reflected in the growth of the Lijin and the zigkou tax. If it is changed. From a point of view, the ordinary tariffs in the end of the Qing Dynasty are actually metamorphosis. It is the economic base that often exists, and there is no fundamental transformation. So, until 1930s, the ordinary tariff was one of the important financial sources of the government of the Republic of China.

【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K249

【引证文献】