清前期云南的督抚、道制与边疆治理研究

发布时间：2018-05-24 13:00

本文选题：清代 + 云南　；参考：《云南大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：督抚体制、道制,是明清两代富有特色而又十分重要的两个地方军事与行政管理制度。到目前为止,对明清督抚体制、道制的研究基本上都是分开进行的,很少有学者将两者放在一起进行有联系的或对比性的研究。在对前人的研究进行梳理和总结后发现,不仅地方道制的发展与督抚制度的发展有一定关联,两者的发展过程和在职官性质上也体现出许多的相似之处。从制度特征上看,督、抚、道设置最初都是从监察地方的角度出发,为一种临时性的带有巡察性质的职官。在经过明清之际两百余年的调整变化后,到乾隆初期,完成其制度化,虽未能完全摆脱其临时差遣的性质,但实际上已成为固定设置的地方职官。在清代的地方大吏中,只有督、抚和带兵备衔的道是行政与军事相兼的职官,具有无所不包、无所不统的地方事权,并负有巡查地方的重要责任。他们的机构衙门设置也都十分精干,而管辖的区域却又很大,总督统辖两省,巡抚综治一省,各守巡道辖有数量不等的府和直隶州(厅),但又都不是严格意义上的一级正式政区,最多只能算作是一级准政区。督、抚和守巡道(主要指带兵备衔的道)共同组成了一省之内军政合一的地方管控体系,承上制下,以文制武,以实现对地方的管理与控制,在地方治理中共同发挥着重要的作用。基于上述认识,本论文选取云南为研究对象,对清王朝施行于云南边疆的督抚体制、道制进行全面的考察和研究。主要包括三个方面的内容：第一、从政治制度史的角度,考察和研究清代云贵总督、云南巡抚以及地方诸道的设置及演变情况；第二、以历史地理的视角,考察云南边疆的区域政治状况与设立云贵总督、云南巡抚和具有区划意义的迤东道、迤西道、迤南道之间的关系,进而分析云南督、抚、道如何实现对云南边疆分区域的管理与控制；第三、通过考察康、雍、乾三朝云南边疆治理情况,以揭示在边疆与内地一体化的地方管理体制之下,作为军政合一的云南地方权力角色的云南督、抚、道,在治理边疆中所发挥的作用和所取得的成效。云南地处边疆,境内各地区间社会发展不平衡。元、明时期,即设置云南行省和“三司”进行统治和经营,与内地的差异逐渐缩小。入清以后,云南被纳入内地“十五行省”或“十八省”的范围。在地方管理方式上,清王朝对云南边疆并未采取像管理东北、北方、西北、西藏边疆地区那样的特殊管理方式,而是施以内地化的方式,设置总督、巡抚和各守巡道管理地方。云贵总督、云南巡抚以及各守巡道的设置、调整、完善,经历了一个长期而复杂的变化过程,既体现出与内地省份的一致性,又明显带有边疆的特征。在上述体制下,云贵总督、云南巡抚成为清王朝在云南的代理人,围绕他们所构建的包括各守巡道在内的军政合一的地方管控体系,是清王朝管理和控制云南地方所依靠的基础和最为核心的力量。清王朝经略云南边疆的这一重要制度安排,既体现了云南边疆与内地的一体化特点,又成为清王朝边疆管理形式的一个重要类别,与施行于东北的军府制、蒙古的蒙旗制、新疆的伊犁将军和西宁办事大臣,以及西藏的驻藏大臣制等各类不同的边疆管理体制一起,构成了清代边疆管理的完整体系。设立云贵总督驻扎云南,既增强了对云南边疆的管理和控制,又强化了滇、黔两省自明初贵州建省后即存在的军事上、政治上、经济上的联系,甚至两者被视为一体,从而改变了西南边疆各省之间的关系格局。从云南边疆的视角看,形成了西南、云贵和云南三个不同层次的区域概念。对三个不同的区域,清廷分别施以相应的治策。云南各道的设置和调整,则是为适应云南管辖范围扩大后地方管理以及边防事务的需要,以掌佐督抚,从而构成总督、巡抚、道等地方文臣所构成的军政合一的领导体系,以实现对云南边疆的分区域管理与控制。康、雍、乾三朝,云南社会经济处于急剧变化之中,清廷对云南的统治政策也相应处于不断改变之中,对云南边疆地区的统治思想和许多统治政策,也大都是在这一时期形成和完善的。从地方治理的角度看,朝廷赋予云南督、抚、道地方管理与控制的目标和任务与其他直省不尽相同。由于云南的边疆地位,决定了它具有一些其他内地省份所不具有的特别事务,如边防、边务、铜务以及包含土司事务在内的民族事务等,即或是与内地各直省相同的事务,如政区设置、绿营营制、盐务、学务等,因其地域的特殊性,在地方管理方式上必然也与其他直省有所不同。加之此时期发生在云南并对云南社会乃至整个清王朝影响重大历史事件,如康熙朝的“三藩之乱”、雍正朝的大规模“改土归流”、乾隆朝的“滇铜京运”和“征缅战争”等。在此背景下,云南督、抚、道等地方大吏发挥了重要作用,在每个转折时期,总能涌现出一些勤于职守、颇有建树的地方大吏。作为综治一方的权力角色,他们的作为深刻地影响了云南社会经济的发展,边疆治理所取得的效果也最为明显。康、雍、乾三朝,对云南的管理与控制是最有成效的,提供了许多可供借鉴的历史经验。
[Abstract]:The governor system and the Dao system are the two local military and administrative management systems of the two dynasties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties which are characteristic and very important. So far, the research on the supervision system of the Ming and Qing Dynasties has been carried out separately, and few scholars have put the two together to carry on the related or contrastive study. After that, it is found that the development of the local road system is not only related to the development of the governor system, but also the development process of the two is also similar to the nature of the official. After the adjustment and change of more than two hundred years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in the early days of Qianlong, the institutionalization of the system has not been completely removed from the nature of its temporary assignment, but in fact it has become a fixed position of local official. The local authority, which is not unified, has an important responsibility for the inspection of the local authorities. Their institutions are also very capable, and the jurisdiction of the area is very large. The governor governs the two provinces, the governor is governed by a province, and the patrol road has the jurisdiction of different quantities and the Zhili state (Hall), but it is not the first level official administrative area in the strict sense, at most can only be calculated. As a first-degree quasi political area, governor, caress and guard the road (mainly refers to the route of the rank of soldiers) together form a local control and control system of military and political unity within a province, under the system of the system, in order to realize the management and control of the local, and play an important role in the local governance.
Based on the above understanding, this thesis selects Yunnan as the research object, and carries out a comprehensive investigation and study of the Qing Dynasty's governor system in the border area of Yunnan. It mainly includes three aspects: first, from the perspective of the history of political system, it examines and studies the General Governor of the Qing Dynasty and the governor of the Qing Dynasty, the Yunnan governor and the local Taoism. Second, from the perspective of historical geography, we examine the regional political situation of the Yunnan frontier and the establishment of the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, the Yunnan governor and the Yi Dong Dao with the significance of zoning, the relationship between the Yushi road and the South Road, and then analyze the management and control of the Yunnan governor, caress and Tao in the Yunnan border region; third, through the investigation of Kang, Yong, and Qian three The governance of the border areas in Yunnan is to reveal the role and effectiveness of the Yunnan governor, caress and Dao, under the local management system of the integration of the border and the mainland, and the role of the Yunnan local power in the military and political integration.
Yunnan is located in the border area, the social development of various regions in China is unbalanced. Yuan, Ming period, that is, to set up Yunnan province and "three divisions" to govern and operate, the difference with the mainland gradually narrowed. After the entry of the Qing Dynasty, Yunnan was included in the scope of the "fifteen provinces" or "eighteen provinces" in the mainland. In the way of local management, the Qing Dynasty did not have the border to Yunnan. The special management mode, like the northeast, north, northwest and Tibet border areas, is adopted in the way of the mainland, the governor, the governor and the management of the patrol road. The governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, the Yunnan governor, and the arrangement, adjustment and perfection of each patrol and patrol, have undergone a long and complicated process of change, which embodies both the mainland and the mainland. In the above system, under the above system, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, the governor of Yunnan became the agent of the Qing Dynasty in Yunnan, and the local control and control system, including the unification of military and political affairs including the patrol and the patrol, was the foundation and the most core strength of the Qing Dynasty to manage and control Yunnan. This important institutional arrangement of the border area of Yunnan, not only reflected the integration of the border and the mainland in Yunnan, but also became an important category of the border management form of the Qing Dynasty, with the army system in the northeast, the Mongol system in Mongolia, the Yili General of Xinjiang and the Minister of Xining, and the residence of the Tibet. The same border management system constituted a complete system of border management in the Qing Dynasty.
The establishment of the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou in Yunnan has not only strengthened the management and control of the border areas of Yunnan, but also strengthened the military, political, economic, and even both of the military, political and economic relations between the provinces of Yunnan and the two provinces of Guizhou Province since the founding of Guizhou in the early Ming Dynasty, thus changing the pattern of relations between the provinces of the southwest border areas. From the perspective of the border areas of Yunnan, the formation of the relationship has been formed. The three different levels of regional concepts in the southwest, the Yunnan and Yunnan and the three different regions, the Qing government put together the corresponding policies. The setting and adjustment of the Yunnan various roads are to meet the needs of the local administration and border affairs after the expansion of the jurisdiction of Yunnan, and thus constitute the governor, the governor, the governor, the Taoism and other local officials. The leadership system of military and political integration should be implemented in order to achieve the regional management and control of the border areas of Yunnan.
Kang, Yong, and dry three dynasties, Yunnan's social and economic changes were in a sharp change, and the ruling policies of the Qing government to Yunnan were also changed correspondingly. The ruling ideology and many ruling policies of Yunnan border areas were also formed and perfected in this period. From the point of view of local governance, the court endowed Yunnan governor, caress, and local management. The objectives and tasks of the control are not the same as those of other direct provinces. Because of the border status of Yunnan, it has decided that it has special affairs that some other mainland provinces do not have, such as border defence, border affairs, copper, and ethnic affairs including the toast affairs, or the same affairs as the direct provinces of the mainland, such as the setting up of the government district, the green camp system, Salt, academic affairs, and so on, because of its geographical particularity, it must be different from other direct provinces in the way of local management. This period occurred in Yunnan and influenced major historical events of Yunnan society and even the whole Qing Dynasty, such as the "chaos of San Francisco" in Kangxi Dynasty, and the large-scale "change of soil to the river" by the Yong Zheng Dynasty and the "Yunnan Copper and Beijing transportation" in the Qianlong Dynasty. In this context, in this context, Yunnan governor, caress, Taoism and other local officials have played an important role. At every turning point, some local officials who are industrious and constructive are always sprung up. As a power role of the one side of the comprehensive governance, they have a profound influence on the social and economic development of Yunnan and the control of the border areas. The effect of the three dynasties, Kang, Yong and Qian, was most effective in the management and control of Yunnan, and provided many historical experiences for reference.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249

【引证文献】