清代人丁研究

发布时间：2018-05-28 10:42

本文选题：人丁 + 编审　；参考：《复旦大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：本文的研究对象是清代“人丁”,主要利用原始档案及其他史料,研究人丁编审和丁银征收制度的发展过程,考察不同时代、地域、语境之下人丁的实际含义,探究人丁与当时社会其他政治、经济要素的关联。清代的人丁编审和丁银征收制度源自明代。明代中期,官府开始推行“一条鞭法”,将各项照丁派征的差役折银和原本计丁口征缴的食盐钞等合为一项开载派征,形成统一的丁银。顺治年间,清廷在明代人丁编审制度的基础上形成了五年一届编审之制和统一的奏报制度。但各地的人丁仍有显著差异：各州县原额人丁来源时代多元,自明中期至清初不等；人丁编审方式多样,既有照人起丁者,还有照粮起丁及照田地起丁者；各地人丁的名目五花八门,其中除了成丁,还包括未成丁和妇女；不同地方、不同名目人丁的丁银负担轻重不等；不同时段、不同地域的丁额增长速度亦不一致。清代“人丁”既不等于成年男子,也不能笼统概括为“赋税单位”其含义必须结合具体的语言环境与时代背景加以判断。尽管清廷制定了严格的人丁编审制度,但丁银的缴纳与催征令广大民众和地方官不堪其累,在民众的抵制和地方官的敷衍之下,这一制度往往形如具文,许多地方将丁银派入地亩或田赋征收。摊丁入地减轻了无地少地百姓的负担,同时缓解了基层征缴丁银的压力,然而在某些地区(如浙江),由于有产阶层(尤其是士绅)的大力抵制,加剧了阶层对立,抑或是官府摊派方式不当(如湖北),增加了部分百姓的负担,造成社会普遍不满,甚至成为引发社会群体性事件的导火索。评价“摊丁入地”的成败,不仅要着眼“摊不摊”的问题,还须关注“如何摊”的问题。在民丁之外,还有屯丁、灶丁等“特殊”人丁,而民丁之内,除了当差人丁,还有减免赋役的优免人丁。由于士绅利用优免特权谋求不法利益,朝廷的赋税征收受到影响,而当差人丁实际负担加重。摊丁入地推行之后,士绅豁免丁银的特权被取消。摊丁入地前屯丁和灶丁的赋役负担重于民丁,其为逃避赋税大量逃亡隐匿,载籍额数不断减少。摊丁入地的推行,不仅减轻了穷苦屯丁和灶丁的赋税压力,也使清廷的赋税征收有了保障。乾隆三十七年清廷废止人丁编审制度(漕运屯丁的编审一直延续到清末)。此后“人丁”一词虽未从官方文书中消失,但其含义逐渐发生转变,在清代后期,一些语境下的人丁继续保留成年男子和与地亩挂钩的赋税单位等固有含义；而另一些地方,人丁则指的是男性人口乃至全体人口。判断清后期人丁的含义,仍须具体情况具体分析。
[Abstract]:The research object of this paper is the "people" in the Qing Dynasty, mainly using the original archives and other historical materials, to study the development process of the editorial and adjudication of the talent and the collection system of the silver butler, and to investigate the actual meaning of the people in different times, regions and contexts. Explore the relationship between human resources and other political and economic elements of the society at that time. In Qing Dynasty, the system of editing and collecting people and Ding Yin originated from the Ming Dynasty. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the government began to carry out the "one whip law", combining all kinds of official banknotes collected by the government officers and the salt bills originally collected by the government officers into a single charge, forming a unified silver deposit. In Shunzhi period, the Qing government formed the system of editing and reviewing once every five years and a unified system of playing newspapers on the basis of the system of compiling and examining people in the Ming Dynasty. However, there are still significant differences in the number of people in different places: the origin of the original population varies from the middle of Ming Dynasty to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, and there are many ways of compiling and examining the population, including those who start from people, those who do according to grain, and those who start from fields according to grain, and from the beginning of the Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. The names of people everywhere are varied, including, in addition to Cheng Ding, non-adult and female; in different places, different denominations have different levels of silver burden; and in different periods of time, the growth rate of the population in different regions is also different. In the Qing Dynasty, the meaning of "human beings" is neither equal to that of adult men, nor can it be generalized as "tax unit" in general. Its meaning must be judged in the light of the specific linguistic environment and the background of the times. Although the Qing government established a strict system of compiling and examining people, the payment and rush of Dante Bank made the general public and local officials very tired. Under the resistance of the people and the perfunctory efforts of the local officials, this system was often written. In many places, butyl silver was sent to land or land for collection. The burden on the landless and small population was alleviated, while the pressure on the grassroots to collect the silver was eased. However, in some areas (such as Zhejiang Province), because of the vigorous resistance of the rich class (especially the gentry), the social antagonism was aggravated. Or the improper way of government assessment, such as Hubei Province, increased the burden of some people, caused widespread social discontent, and even became the trigger of social mass incidents. To evaluate the success or failure of "stall into the land", we should not only focus on the problem of "not sharing out", but also pay attention to the problem of "how to spread out". In addition to the civilian population, there are Tun Ding, such as the "special" Ding, and in the civilian population, in addition to the officers, there is a reduction of duty-free people. As the gentry took advantage of the privilege of privilege to seek illegal interests, the tax collection of the court was affected, and the actual burden on the officers increased. The gentry's privilege of exemption from silver was abolished after the introduction of the stall. Before entering the land, the burden of duty of Tun Ding and Zaoding was more heavy than that of the ordinary people. The implementation of the tax system not only alleviated the pressure of taxation on poor people and Zaoding, but also ensured the collection of taxes by the Qing government. Qianlong Qing Dynasty abolished the system of compiling and examining people in 37 years (the editorial review of Caoyun Ding continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty. Since then, although the term "human resource" has not disappeared from official documents, its meaning has gradually changed. In the late Qing Dynasty, some contexts continued to retain the inherent meanings of adult men and tax units linked to land acres; in others, Population refers to the male population and even the population as a whole. To judge the meaning of the late Qing Dynasty, it is still necessary to analyze the specific situation.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：C924.25;K249

【参考文献】