清代科举制度的若干问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 05:28

本文选题：清代 + 科举　；参考：《浙江大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】：论文的第一章对清代的科举制度进行概要性的介绍。清代的科举制度虽沿袭了明朝的制度，但是还有许多不同于明朝的地方，例如开设了“翻译科” (特为满洲、汉军、蒙古之人开设)；曾二度开设“博学鸿词科”；最后在清末，为了培养新式人才，还特地新增了“经济特科”。科举制度是否公正，目前还有很大争论，，而且还停留在参加考试人员的资格，以及各种形形色色的科场舞弊问题上。论文的第二章《消代的科场阅卷制度》通过对消代考官的任用、阅卷时间的限定的分析，提出：清代在阅卷过程中，由于同考官的专业素质无法保证，加之阅卷时间过短，无法做到公正取士。这是是清代科举制度的一大制度缺失。对科举制度下产生的进士在地理及时空分布进行分析，是当前科举制度研究的一个重要方面。目前的一些研究以各地进士人数的多寡来分析各地经济文化水准的高下，并不是很恰当。这些人数的分布除了由各地的经济水平差异、文风高下等因素造成以外，是否还有其它因素?论文的第三章《清代的分省取士制》详细介绍了清代分省取士制的确立过程及其原因，认为封建王朝通过科举取士来扩大统治基础以外，还在逐渐照顾到各地的中式人数分配上的平衡，尽管避免一地过多、另一地过少的情况出现。第三章还探讨了这一制度实行所带来的弊病和政府的对策问题。通过对清代的分省取士制的研究，可以发现目前许多关于进士人数分布的研究中存在一个误区：考试各地是自由竞争的，进士人数多少反映一个地区的经济文化发展水平。事实上，这种研究对清以前可能是适用的，但对清代是不适用的。清代中期以后各地会试录取的人数是政府预先设定的，而非由考生成绩决定的。对于各地进士人数的分布研究，必须考虑到政府的分省取士制，其结果也只能反映清政府对各地的政策不同侧重而已。科举制度主要是作为官员的选举制度出现的，但每三年一度举行的科举制度都在不断的选拔候备官员。那么，封建国家的机构能否容纳得下这些多的官员?换言之，政府是如何解决进士的出路问题的。如果将科举制度视为一个系统的话，那么当这个系统受到其它因素冲击时，如晚清的捐纳和军功，进士的出路问题也会是怎么样的一种情况?因此，论文的第四章《清代进士官员的出路问题》，即以进士群体中的最高等级——翰林官员为例，对进士出路的困境进行探讨。需要指出的是，之所以选择翰林官为例，是由于翰林官这个群体不同其它官员群体，它必须由进士出身者方能担任。以往关于清代科场案的研究，大都局限对科场案本身的分析上，同样把“查嗣庭案”也仅作为一起普通的科场案来对待。而实际上，“查嗣庭案”的处理却是一起政府对待“科甲朋党”的斗争。科举制度讲究师生、同年关系，极易结成各种利益团体。进士、举人身份迥异也使得他们之间经常相互攻讦，形成党争，唐代的“牛李党争”已开先河。清朝政局也无一例外地深受朋党之害。论文第五章《惩治“科甲朋党”与查嗣庭案》，考察了科举与朋党的关系，分析清代雍正年间发生的“查嗣庭案”及由此引发的停浙江乡、会试一科的前因后果，得出的结论：查嗣庭案并非是一场普通的科场案或文字狱，而是由于雍正帝出于打击科甲朋党的需要，将案件处理方向进行转移，用来警诫进士结党营私的政治事件。论文的第六章为《消代的科举迷信》。自唐宋科举制度成为主要取士途径以来，科举考
[Abstract]:The first chapter of the paper gives a brief introduction to the imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty. Although the imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty has followed the Ming Dynasty system, there are many places different from the Ming Dynasty, such as the opening of the "translation department" (specially for Manchuria, the Han Army, Mongolia), and the two degree of opening the "learned Hong CI Department"; finally, in the late Qing Dynasty, for the sake of cultivation, In addition, new special talents have been added.
There is still a lot of debate on whether the imperial examination system is fair, and there is still a lot of controversy, and it still stays in the qualification of the examiners and various kinds of various kinds of fraud. The second chapter of the paper, the elimination of the examination paper system of the imperial examination field, is made by the analysis of the appointment of the examiners and the limit of the reading time. The professional quality of examiners can not be guaranteed, and the marking time is too short to be fair.
It is an important aspect of the present study of the imperial examination system to analyze the geographical and spatial distribution of the scholars produced by the imperial examination system. In the third chapter of the paper, there are other factors, and there are other factors in the Qing Dynasty. The third chapter also discusses the drawbacks brought by this system and the government's countermeasures.
Through the study of the division of the Qing Dynasty, we can find that there are a lot of misunderstandings in the study on the distribution of the number of scholars at present: the examination is free and the number of scholars reflects the level of economic and cultural development in a region. In fact, this kind of research may be applicable before the Qing Dynasty, but it is not applicable to the Qing Dynasty. In the middle period of the Qing Dynasty, the number of candidates accepted in various places was predetermined by the government, but not by the results of the examinees. The study of the distribution of the number of scholars in various places must take into account the government's provincial system, and the result can only reflect the different emphasis of the government on the different policies.
The imperial examination system is mainly as an election system for officials, but the imperial examination system, which was held every three years, is constantly selecting officials. Then, can the feudal institutions hold these many officials? In other words, how the government solves the question of the way to the scholar. If the imperial examination system is regarded as a system, Then, when the system is affected by other factors, such as the donation and military merit of the late Qing Dynasty, how will the problem of the way out of the scholar? Therefore, the fourth chapter of the paper, the question of the way out for the officers of the Qing Dynasty, is to discuss the predicament of the way out of the scholar, for example, the highest rank in the group of the scholars of the scholar. It is pointed out that the reason why Hanlin officials are chosen is that the group of Hanlin officials is different from other officials.
Most of the previous studies on the case of the imperial court in the Qing Dynasty were mostly limited to the analysis of the case of the imperial court, and the case of "chal's court" was also treated only as an ordinary case. In fact, the treatment of the "chaintest case" was a struggle between the government and the Communist Party. In the fifth chapters of the Qing Dynasty, the fifth chapters of the Qing Dynasty examined the relationship between the imperial examination and the punk party and analyzed the relationship between the imperial examination and the punk party and analyzed the relationship between the imperial examination and the punk party and the analysis of the years of the Qing Dynasty. The case of "chal - chir Tribune" and the consequent causes and consequences of an attempt to stop the Zhejiang Township, the result of the conclusion: the investigation of the heir case is not a common case or letter of writing, but because Yong Zheng emperor, out of the need of combating the CKC, shifted the direction of the case handling and used the police to warn the men to join the party for private political events.
The sixth chapter of the thesis is the imperial examination superstition.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K249

【引证文献】